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| == Software Development Life Cycle == | | == Software Development Life Cycle == |
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| The '''Software Development Life Cycle''' (SDLC) is a systematic process for planning, creating, testing, deploying, and maintaining software applications. It encompasses several distinct phases, each defined by specific activities and deliverables, aiming to produce high-quality software that meets or exceeds client expectations. The SDLC serves as a framework for managing and controlling software development projects, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness throughout all stages. | | The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process for developing software applications. It encompasses a series of stages that guide the development process from the initial idea to the deployment and maintenance of the software. The main objective of the SDLC is to produce high-quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, is delivered on time, and is cost-effective. |
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| == Introduction == | | == Introduction == |
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| The concept of SDLC has evolved over the years, reflecting changes in technology, methodologies, and project management practices. The primary objective of SDLC is to facilitate the development of robust and reliable software. A well-defined SDLC allows developers to track progress, manage resources, minimize risks, and deliver products in a timely manner. Key components of the SDLC include the integration of various stakeholder perspectives, comprehensive documentation, and adherence to established practices. | | The SDLC provides a systematic framework for controlling the stages of software development. It aims to produce software that is functional, reliable, and efficient. The concept of the SDLC has evolved over the years, with various methodologies developing to address specific aspects of software development. Common methodologies include Waterfall, Agile, Scrum, and DevOps, each offering unique benefits and challenges. |
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| == History or Background == | | == History == |
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| The origins of the Software Development Life Cycle can be traced back to the early days of computing when software was primarily developed using ad-hoc methods. As the complexity of software systems grew, issues related to quality, manageability, and efficiency became increasingly apparent. The 1970s marked a significant turning point with the introduction of structured programming concepts and the development of more formal software engineering practices. | | The history of the SDLC can be traced back to the 1960s, when early computer systems began to gain commercial applications. Initially, software development processes were informal and ad hoc, leading to numerous project failures. As the demand for software increased, so did the need for structured approaches. The Waterfall model, introduced in 1970 by Winston W. Royce, is often cited as the first formal SDLC model. It consists of linear and sequential phases: requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. |
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| In 1970, Frederick Brooks published the seminal book "The Mythical Man-Month," which highlighted the challenges of software project management and introduced the idea of project planning and communication. By the 1980s, various SDLC models began to emerge, including the waterfall model, spiral model, and iterative development model. Each of these models emphasized different aspects of the development process, such as flexibility, risk management, and quality assurance.
| | Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, various alternative models emerged that emphasized iterative development and stakeholder collaboration. Agile methodologies became particularly influential in the 2000s, promoting flexibility and responsiveness to change. The introduction of the Agile Manifesto in 2001 marked a significant shift in the approach to software development, prioritizing individuals and interactions over processes and tools. |
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| The advent of Agile methodologies in the late 1990s and early 2000s further transformed the SDLC landscape by promoting iterative and incremental development, collaboration, and adaptability to change. Today, the SDLC continues to evolve, incorporating practices from DevOps, Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD), and cloud computing to address the dynamic needs of modern software development.
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| == Phases of the Software Development Life Cycle == | | == Phases of the Software Development Life Cycle == |
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| The SDLC typically consists of several phases, each critical to the successful development of software. while some models may vary in the number of phases or the naming conventions used, the core elements generally include the following: | | The SDLC is typically divided into several key phases, each serving a specific purpose in the overall development process: |
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| === 1. Planning === | | === 1. Planning === |
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| The planning phase is crucial for establishing the project's scope, objectives, and feasibility. During this phase, stakeholders identify the need for a new software solution, outline project requirements, and define success criteria. Key activities may include: | | The planning phase involves defining the scope and purpose of the software project. Key activities include gathering requirements, feasibility analysis, and creating project timelines. Stakeholders are engaged to identify their needs and expectations. Risk assessment and resource allocation are critical during this phase to ensure successful project execution. |
| * Conducting a feasibility study to assess technical, operational, and financial viability.
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| * Gathering and analyzing user requirements through interviews, surveys, and workshops.
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| * Developing a project plan that includes a timeline, budget, resource allocation, and risk assessment.
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| * Identifying stakeholders and their roles, ensuring effective communication throughout the development process.
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| === 2. Requirements Gathering and Analysis === | | === 2. Requirements Analysis === |
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| In the requirements gathering and analysis phase, the development team collaborates with stakeholders to elicit and document detailed software requirements. These requirements are typically categorized into functional and non-functional requirements: | | In this phase, detailed requirements for the software are gathered and documented. This may involve interviews, surveys, and workshops with stakeholders. The objective is to capture functional and non-functional requirements comprehensively. This stage is crucial, as poorly defined requirements can lead to project failure. |
| * **Functional Requirements**: Describe the specific functions the software must perform, such as user interactions, data processing, and integration with other systems.
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| * **Non-Functional Requirements**: Define criteria that the software must meet to ensure usability, performance, security, and compliance.
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| Activities in this phase often include creating use cases, user stories, and requirement specifications. It is essential to validate the gathered requirements through constant communication with stakeholders to ensure that their needs are accurately represented.
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| === 3. Design === | | === 3. Design === |
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| The design phase translates the requirements into a blueprint for software development. This phase can be further divided into two sub-phases: high-level design and detailed design. | | The design phase translates requirements into a blueprint for the software. This includes architectural design, user interface design, and database design. Various modeling techniques, such as Unified Modeling Language (UML), may be used to create design specifications. The goal is to produce a clear and detailed design document that guides developers in implementing the software. |
| * **High-Level Design**: Establishes the architecture of the system, including the overall structure, components, and their interactions. Architectural patterns, such as Model-View-Controller (MVC) or Microservices, may be applied to define how different parts of the software will interact and function.
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| * **Detailed Design**: Involves the creation of design specifications for each component, detailing algorithms, data structures, and interfaces. This phase may also involve creating prototype models to refine user interface designs and test usability.
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| Critical design documents produced during this phase include architectural diagrams, data flow diagrams, and interface specifications.
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| === 4. Implementation === | | === 4. Implementation === |
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| The implementation phase involves the actual coding of the software based on the design specifications. Developers use programming languages, frameworks, and tools to build the application components. Key activities in this phase include:
| | During the implementation phase, developers write code based on the design documents. This stage involves programming, debugging, and integrating different components of the software. Developers work in accordance with coding standards and best practices to ensure maintainability and quality. |
| * Setting up development environments and version control systems.
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| * Writing and testing code to ensure that it adheres to programming standards and guidelines.
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| * Conducting code reviews and pair programming to enhance code quality and team collaboration.
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| * Integrating various components and performing unit testing to identify and address defects early in the process.
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| By emphasizing proper coding practices, teams can improve maintenance and scalability while reducing future technical debt.
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| === 5. Testing === | | === 5. Testing === |
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| Testing is a critical phase of the SDLC, aimed at identifying and resolving defects and ensuring that the software meets the specified requirements. Various testing techniques are employed, including: | | Testing is a critical phase that involves validating the software against the requirements to ensure it functions as intended. Different types of testing are conducted, including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The objective is to identify and fix defects before the software is deployed. |
| * **Unit Testing**: Verifies the functionality of individual components or modules within the software.
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| * **Integration Testing**: Tests the interactions between integrated components to identify interface defects.
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| * **System Testing**: Assesses the overall system's functionality and performance, ensuring that it meets defined specifications.
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| * **User Acceptance Testing (UAT)**: Involves end-users who validate whether the software meets their requirements and expectations before deployment.
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| Quality assurance (QA) processes play a significant role during this phase, with continuous feedback and improvement mechanisms to enhance software quality.
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| === 6. Deployment === | | === 6. Deployment === |
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| The deployment phase entails making the software application available to users. This phase can involve different strategies, such as full deployment, phased deployment, or pilot testing. Key activities include: | | The deployment phase involves releasing the software to users. This may include installing the software in a production environment, providing user training, and executing a rollout plan. It is important to monitor the system post-deployment for any issues that may arise. |
| * Preparing deployment plans and environment configurations.
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| * Conducting training sessions for end-users and support personnel.
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| * Monitoring the deployment process to address any issues that arise quickly.
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| * Gathering feedback from users post-deployment to identify areas for future improvement or enhancement.
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| Successful deployment ensures that the software is functional, accessible, and aligns with user needs.
| | === 7. Maintenance === |
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| === 7. Maintenance and Support ===
| | After deployment, the maintenance phase ensures the software remains functional and relevant. This includes applying updates, fixing issues, and implementing improvements based on user feedback. Maintenance can be one of the most time-consuming aspects of the SDLC, as software continuity demands ongoing support. |
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| After deployment, the software enters the maintenance and support phase, characterized by ongoing updates, enhancements, and bug fixes. This phase is essential for ensuring long-term software viability. Key activities include:
| | == Usage and Implementation == |
| * Monitoring system performance and user feedback to identify defects or areas requiring improvement.
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| * Conducting regular updates and patches to improve functionality and address security vulnerabilities.
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| * In addressing changing user requirements or emerging technologies, continuous enhancements and feature additions may be implemented.
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| Maintenance activities are crucial for sustaining software relevance and effectiveness throughout its lifespan.
| | The implementation of the SDLC varies across organizations, influenced by their specific needs, industry standards, and available resources. Many organizations adopt a combination of methodologies, employing hybrid approaches that integrate principles from both Agile and traditional models. The choice of methodology often depends on the project size, complexity, and the degree of uncertainty involved. |
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| == Models of Software Development Life Cycle ==
| | In Agile environments, the SDLC phases are often compressed into shorter cycles called sprints. This allows for faster delivery and continuous improvement. In contrast, traditional models like Waterfall are better suited for projects with well-defined requirements and less likelihood of change. |
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| Different models of SDLC exist to accommodate varying project requirements and organizational preferences. Some of the most widely recognized models include:
| | Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) practices have also gained traction, enabling more frequent software releases and faster response times to changing requirements. This has become a critical part of modern software development, particularly in DevOps environments, where collaboration between development and operations teams is emphasized. |
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| === 1. Waterfall Model === | | == Real-world Examples == |
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| The waterfall model is one of the earliest SDLC approaches, characterized by a linear and sequential design. Each phase must be completed before proceeding to the next. While straightforward and easy to understand, the waterfall model is inflexible to changes, making it suitable for projects with well-defined requirements.
| | Numerous organizations have successfully implemented the SDLC to develop a wide range of software applications. For example, Microsoft employs a rigorous SDLC approach in its development of Windows and Office products, emphasizing extensive testing and user feedback. Similarly, software companies like Atlassian and GitHub utilize Agile methodologies to develop and refine their products, enabling rapid iterations and enhancements based on user input. |
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| === 2. Agile Model ===
| | In the healthcare industry, SDLC principles are applied to develop electronic health record (EHR) systems, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards while addressing user needs. In automotive technology, software development for vehicles, such as autonomous driving systems, adheres to stringent SDLC processes to ensure safety and reliability. |
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| The Agile model promotes iterative and incremental development, emphasizing collaboration, flexibility, and customer feedback. Agile methodologies, such as Scrum and Kanban, prioritize adaptable planning and feature delivery in short cycles called sprints.
| | Different industries also face unique challenges when implementing the SDLC. For example, financial institutions must navigate regulatory compliance throughout the SDLC, while startups may prioritize speed and adaptability to gain a competitive advantage. |
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| === 3. Spiral Model === | | == Influence and Impact == |
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| The spiral model combines iterative development with a focus on risk management. Projects are divided into smaller iterations, with each iteration involving planning, risk assessment, and prototyping. This model is well-suited for large, complex projects where requirements may evolve over time. | | The SDLC has significantly influenced software engineering practices, establishing a framework that standardizes the development process. It has improved communication among stakeholders, enhanced project management techniques, and led to the implementation of best practices in software quality assurance. Furthermore, the focus on structured methodologies has helped reduce project failures and increase customer satisfaction. |
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| === 4. V-Model ===
| | With the advent of cloud computing and digital transformation, the impact of the SDLC has broadened, influencing the development of services and applications that leverage emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data. The SDLC continues to evolve, adapting to the changing landscape of technology and user needs. |
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| The V-Model is an extension of the waterfall model, illustrating the relationship between development and testing activities. Each development phase is paired with corresponding testing activities, reinforcing the importance of validation throughout the process.
| | == Criticism == |
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| === 5. DevOps Model ===
| | Despite its widespread use, the SDLC is not without criticism. One major critique is that traditional models, like Waterfall, can be inflexible, particularly in rapidly changing environments. Stakeholders may find it difficult to accommodate changes once the project is underway, leading to scope creep and project delays. |
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| The DevOps model emphasizes collaboration between development and operations teams, aiming to shorten the development cycle while maintaining high software quality. Techniques like Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment enable rapid feedback and iterative development.
| | Additionally, some Agile proponents argue that the emphasis on documentation and structured phases in traditional SDLC methodologies can stifle creativity and hinder innovation. They advocate for more adaptive approaches that focus on iterative feedback and continuous improvement rather than rigid processes. |
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| == Usage and Implementation ==
| | Challenges related to resource management and team dynamics can also arise during the SDLC phases. Misalignment between stakeholders and development teams or inadequate communication can result in misunderstandings, misaligned expectations, and ultimately, project failure. |
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| The implementation of an SDLC requires careful consideration of the project's context, team dynamics, and stakeholder needs. Organizations typically adopt specific SDLC models based on their industry, team size, and customer requirements. Key factors influencing the choice of an SDLC model include:
| | == See Also == |
| * The complexity of the project
| | * [[Software Engineering]] |
| * Stakeholder engagement and collaboration
| | * [[Agile Software Development]] |
| * Regulatory and compliance requirements
| | * [[Waterfall Model]] |
| * The pace of change and innovation in the market
| | * [[DevOps]] |
| | | * [[Requirements Engineering]] |
| Training and knowledge-sharing initiatives play a vital role in familiarizing development teams with selected models, ensuring consistent practices, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement.
| | * [[Software Testing]] |
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| == Real-world Examples or Comparisons == | |
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| Various industries apply the SDLC to develop software solutions tailored to unique requirements. Some notable examples include:
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| * **Financial Services**: Banks often implement a rigorous SDLC to develop secure online banking platforms, ensuring compliance with financial regulations and security standards. | |
| * **Healthcare**: Software systems for medical records management, patient scheduling, and telemedicine require an SDLC that adheres to stringent privacy regulations and ensures high reliability.
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| * **E-commerce**: Online retail platforms leverage Agile methodologies to stay responsive to market trends, customer behavior, and evolving technologies, delivering incremental updates frequently. | |
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| Comparing different SDLC models within these contexts highlights the importance of selecting the right approach to match project scope and stakeholder expectations.
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| == Criticism or Controversies ==
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| While the SDLC provides a structured approach to software development, it is not without its criticisms. Some of the main critiques include:
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| * **Rigidity of Traditional Models**: Traditional models like the waterfall are often seen as inflexible and ill-suited to dynamic project environments where requirements can change rapidly.
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| * **Overemphasis on Documentation**: Some practitioners argue that certain models prioritize documentation over the actual software development process, which can impede progress and innovation.
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| * **Challenges in Adaptation**: The rapid evolution of technology may render certain SDLC models outdated or ineffective, leading organizations to struggle in adapting to modern practices.
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| These concerns highlight the need for flexibility and adaptability within SDLC practices, promoting a balance between structure and innovation.
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| == Influence or Impact ==
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| The Software Development Life Cycle significantly influences the success and sustainability of software projects across various industries. Its structured approach enhances project management practices, enabling teams to meet deadlines, allocate resources effectively, and mitigate risks.
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| As software applications continue to form the backbone of numerous business processes, the ongoing evolution of SDLC practices, particularly influenced by Agile methodologies, has reshaped how organizations approach software development. The ability to respond to user feedback and rapidly adapt to changes has become critical in maintaining a competitive edge in the digital economy.
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| Furthermore, the growing importance of cybersecurity, cloud computing, and automation continues to drive the integration of new methodologies and technologies into the SDLC framework, emphasizing the critical role it plays in modern software development.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Software engineering]]
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| * [[Agile software development]] | |
| * [[Project management]] | |
| * [[Requirements engineering]] | |
| * [[Software testing]] | |
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| == References == | | == References == |
| * [https://www.cio.com/article/243871/what-is-the-software-development-life-cycle-sdlc.html CIO] | | * [https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/software-development-lifecycle IBM - Software Development Life Cycle] |
| * [https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/software-development-life-cycle-sdlc.asp Investopedia] | | * [https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sdlc/index.htm TutorialsPoint - Software Development Life Cycle] |
| * [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/enterprise/software-development-life-cycle Software Development Life Cycle - Microsoft] | | * [https://www.atlassian.com/software-development/software-development-lifecycle Atlassian - Software Development Lifecycle Management] |
| * [https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/software-development-life-cycle IBM Cloud Learning] | | * [https://www.sei.cmu.edu/architecture/architecture-technology/software-development-life-cycle.cfm Software Engineering Institute - SDLC Overview] |
| * [https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sdlc/index.htm Tutorialspoint] | | * [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/education/products/learning-paths/learn-about-the-software-development-life-cycle Microsoft - Understanding SDLC] |
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| | [[Category:Software engineering]] |
| [[Category:Software development]] | | [[Category:Software development]] |
| [[Category:Software engineering]] | | [[Category:Life cycles]] |
| [[Category:Systems development processes]]
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