User Interface Design: Difference between revisions

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User Interface Design

User Interface Design (UID) is the process of designing user interfaces for machines and software, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience. It encompasses various disciplines including interaction design, visual design, and information architecture. Effective UID aims to create interfaces that are accessible, intuitive, and efficient, facilitating a seamless interaction between users and digital products.

Introduction

User Interface Design is a critical aspect of software development and digital product creation. It involves not only the aesthetics of the interface but also the functionality and usability of interactive products. The scope of UID extends to websites, applications, operating systems, and many other computational devices. UID strives to ensure that users can intuitively navigate, control, and derive value from their interactions without unnecessary friction or confusion.

The significance of UID has grown tremendously with the increase in digital technology usage. In an era where the average person interacts with multiple digital interfaces every day, the principles of good design play a fundamental role in determining the success of a product. As part of the broader field of Human-Computer Interaction, UID is concerned with how users perceive and interact with systems and works to improve the interface through iterative design processes.

History or Background

The history of User Interface Design can be traced back to the early days of computing. Initially, computers were operated via command-line interfaces, requiring users to memorize specific commands. This lack of visual representation was a barrier to wider adoption.

With the advent of graphical user interfaces (GUI) in the 1970s and 1980s, notably with innovations from companies such as Xerox PARC, Apple, and Microsoft, UID began to take on a more recognizable form. The introduction of the mouse and the desktop metaphor revolutionized user interactions, allowing for direct manipulation of objects on the screen.

As technology evolved, so did the principles of UID. The rise of the internet in the 1990s brought forth the need for web design, leading to a parallel evolution in UID methodologies. Concepts such as responsive design and mobile-first design emerged with the explosion of mobile devices in the 2000s, shaping how interfaces needed to adapt to varying screen sizes and user contexts.

In recent years, the emergence of voice user interfaces (VUIs), touch interfaces, and gesture-based controls has further expanded the scope of UID. Today, designers employ a variety of tools and methods to create engaging, effective user experiences that meet the diverse needs of users.

Design or Architecture

The design of user interfaces can be divided into several key components:

1. Interaction Design

Interaction design focuses on the way users interact with digital systems. This includes creating workflows, defining actions like clicks or swipes, and establishing feedback mechanisms. The goal of interaction design is to enhance the user's journey through logical and coherent paths.

2. Visual Design

Visual design is concerned with the aesthetics of the user interface. It includes color schemes, typography, iconography, and overall layout. Effective visual design not only enhances the visual appeal of an interface but also informs users, guiding their attention toward important elements and actions.

3. Information Architecture

Information architecture involves structuring and organizing content within the interface. The layout must facilitate easy navigation and comprehension, ensuring users can quickly locate the information they seek. This can include creating hierarchies, categorizing content, and designing navigational systems.

4. Usability Testing

Usability testing is a critical process in UID. It involves observing real users interacting with the interface to identify pain points and areas for improvement. Feedback collected during usability testing informs iterative design cycles, allowing designers to refine and optimize interfaces based on actual user behavior.

5. Prototyping and Iteration

Prototyping allows designers to create preliminary versions of an interface to test concepts and gather feedback. This step is essential for validating ideas and ensuring that the final product aligns with user expectations. Iterative design, which incorporates user feedback continuously, is fundamental to creating successful interfaces.

Usage and Implementation

The implementation of User Interface Design principles can be observed across various industries and platforms. UID is not limited to a single domain; it spans e-commerce, education, healthcare, entertainment, and more. Some common areas where UID is crucial include:

1. Web Design

Websites represent a primary application of UID. Effective web design incorporates best practices to ensure easy navigation, quick loading times, and responsive layouts that adapt to device screens. The use of grids, whitespace, and consistent elements minimizes cognitive load and enhances user engagement.

2. Mobile Applications

With the proliferation of smartphones, mobile application design has become a vital aspect of UID. Designers must consider touch gestures, limited screen real estate, and varying user contexts. Approaches such as thumb-friendly navigation and gesture-based controls are essential for optimizing mobile user experiences.

3. Software Applications

Desktop software applications also benefit from UID principles. Given that software often involves complex functionalities, a well-designed interface should intuitively lead users through tasks. Menus, toolbars, and shortcuts must align with user expectations to improve productivity and satisfaction.

4. Consumer Electronics

UID is critical in designing user interfaces for consumer electronics, such as smart TVs, wearables, and home automation systems. These devices often involve novel interaction techniques like voice recognition and gesture control, which require unique design considerations to ensure usability.

5. Gaming and Interactive Experiences

In video games and immersive environments, UID plays a significant role in creating enjoyable experiences. The interface must provide players with clear information about game mechanics while allowing intuitive navigation and interaction that enhances engagement and immersion.

Real-world Examples or Comparisons

Numerous companies and products illustrate the principles of User Interface Design in action. Notable examples include:

1. Apple

Apple is often lauded for its exceptional User Interface Design. The design philosophy employed in macOS and iOS emphasizes minimalist aesthetics, intuitive navigation, and consistent user experiences across devices. Apple's focus on simplicity and functionality has set a benchmark for UID across the technology industry.

2. Google

Google's suite of applications showcases UID principles through clean layouts and efficient user flows. Google’s Material Design system promotes a unified design language across its services, providing users with a familiar and consistent experience regardless of the platform or device being used.

3. Microsoft

Microsoft has evolved its approach to UID with the introduction of Fluent Design, which emphasizes depth, motion, and light to create engaging interfaces across Windows applications. The company prioritizes accessibility, ensuring users of all abilities can effectively navigate and interact with its software.

4. Airbnb

Airbnb's platform exemplifies effective UID in the context of e-commerce. The interface simplifies the complex process of booking accommodations through clear visuals, concise information, and guided workflows that support users in making informed decisions.

5. Amazon

As one of the largest e-commerce platforms, Amazon's UID is designed to facilitate easy product discovery and streamlined purchasing. Notable features such as personalized recommendations, intuitive search functionality, and efficient check-out processes highlight the importance of user-centric design in driving online sales.

Criticism or Controversies

While User Interface Design has advanced remarkably, criticisms and controversies persist regarding several aspects:

1. Usability vs. Aesthetics

A common contention in UID is the debate between usability and aesthetics. Designers may sometimes prioritize visual appeal over functional efficacy, potentially leading to frustrating user experiences. Striking a balance between these two attributes is necessary for creating effective interfaces.

2. Accessibility Issues

Despite advancements in UID, accessibility remains a significant challenge. Many digital products fail to accommodate users with disabilities, leading to exclusion. Designers are increasingly being called upon to adhere to accessibility standards and guidelines, ensuring that interfaces are usable by all individuals.

3. Dark Patterns

The practice of employing "dark patterns," which manipulate users into making unintended choices, has drawn significant scrutiny. These deceptive UI design techniques can compromise user trust and result in negative experiences. As awareness of these practices grows, there is a push for ethical design standards that prioritize user welfare.

4. Rapid Technological Change

The fast-paced evolution of technology poses challenges for UID as designers must continually adapt to new tools, platforms, and user expectations. This rapid change can result in inconsistencies in design processes and practices, making it difficult for designers to keep pace with emerging trends.

Influence or Impact

User Interface Design has impacted not only the technology industry but also broader societal trends. As user-centered products have become more prevalent, the emphasis on UID has influenced organizational structures, hiring practices, and educational curricula.

1. Industry Trends

The growing recognition of UID's importance has led to an increased demand for skilled designers and UX experts across various sectors. Companies are increasingly investing in user research and design teams to enhance product development and customer satisfaction.

2. Educational Opportunities

As the demand for UID expertise expands, educational institutions have begun offering specialized programs, workshops, and courses focused on User Interface and User Experience Design. These opportunities enable aspiring designers to develop essential skills in usability research, prototyping, and design implementation.

3. Societal Expectations

The rise of UID has influenced societal expectations regarding technology. Users now anticipate well-designed, intuitive interfaces as standard. This shift has led to a broader understanding of the importance of design in enhancing the quality of life and productivity in an increasingly digital world.

4. The Role of Data

Data-driven design has emerged as a critical aspect of UID. Designers are increasingly utilizing analytics and user feedback to inform design decisions, enabling interfaces to evolve based on actual usage patterns. This trend emphasizes the need for a research-based approach to UID.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+== User Interface Design ==
+User Interface Design (UID) is the process of designing user interfaces for machines and software, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience. It encompasses various disciplines including interaction design, visual design, and information architecture. Effective UID aims to create interfaces that are accessible, intuitive, and efficient, facilitating a seamless interaction between users and digital products.
 == Introduction ==
-User Interface Design (UID) is a crucial aspect of software engineering and computer science, focusing on the interaction between users and computer systems. It involves the creation of user interfaces that enhance user experiences and facilitate effective interaction with applications and devices. Given the ubiquity of technology in all facets of modern life, UID is integral to the development of applications, websites, and other digital products. This article explores User Interface Design in detail, examining its history, principles, methodologies, and significance in contemporary technology.
+User Interface Design is a critical aspect of software development and digital product creation. It involves not only the aesthetics of the interface but also the functionality and usability of interactive products. The scope of UID extends to websites, applications, operating systems, and many other computational devices. UID strives to ensure that users can intuitively navigate, control, and derive value from their interactions without unnecessary friction or confusion.
+The significance of UID has grown tremendously with the increase in digital technology usage. In an era where the average person interacts with multiple digital interfaces every day, the principles of good design play a fundamental role in determining the success of a product. As part of the broader field of Human-Computer Interaction, UID is concerned with how users perceive and interact with systems and works to improve the interface through iterative design processes.
 == History or Background ==
-User Interface Design has evolved dramatically since the inception of computing. Early computing interfaces were primarily command-line based, requiring users to input textual commands to communicate with machines. As technology advanced, the need for more accessible interfaces led to the development of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) in the 1970s and 1980s.
-The work of pioneers such as Ivan Sutherland, who developed the first graphical interface, and companies like Xerox, which introduced the first widely recognized GUI with the Xerox Alto, laid the foundation for modern UID. The advent of the personal computer in the 1980s propelled the adoption of GUI, with Apple’s Macintosh and Microsoft Windows playing significant roles in popularizing visual interfaces.
+The history of User Interface Design can be traced back to the early days of computing. Initially, computers were operated via command-line interfaces, requiring users to memorize specific commands. This lack of visual representation was a barrier to wider adoption.
-The 1990s and 2000s saw rapid advancements in UID as the internet became mainstream. Web design emerged as a new field, leading to the development of standards for usability and accessibility. Concepts such as responsive design and mobile-first approaches gained traction with the proliferation of smartphones and tablets, further evolving the UID landscape.
+With the advent of graphical user interfaces (GUI) in the 1970s and 1980s, notably with innovations from companies such as Xerox PARC, Apple, and Microsoft, UID began to take on a more recognizable form. The introduction of the mouse and the desktop metaphor revolutionized user interactions, allowing for direct manipulation of objects on the screen.
-== Design Principles ==
+As technology evolved, so did the principles of UID. The rise of the internet in the 1990s brought forth the need for web design, leading to a parallel evolution in UID methodologies. Concepts such as responsive design and mobile-first design emerged with the explosion of mobile devices in the 2000s, shaping how interfaces needed to adapt to varying screen sizes and user contexts.
-User Interface Design is governed by several key principles aimed at creating intuitive and efficient user interactions. These principles guide designers in developing interfaces that meet user needs.
-=== Usability ===
+In recent years, the emergence of voice user interfaces (VUIs), touch interfaces, and gesture-based controls has further expanded the scope of UID. Today, designers employ a variety of tools and methods to create engaging, effective user experiences that meet the diverse needs of users.
-Usability is a measure of how effectively, efficiently, and satisfactorily a specified user can achieve specified goals in a particular environment. An interface that adheres to usability principles enables users to achieve their tasks with minimal frustration and confusion.
-=== Consistency ===
+== Design or Architecture ==
-Consistency refers to the uniformity of elements within the interface. This includes consistent language, layout, color schemes, and behaviors. Consistent design helps users learn the interface faster, as they can transfer their knowledge of one element to others.
-=== Feedback ===
+The design of user interfaces can be divided into several key components:
-Feedback is essential in user interface design, as it informs users about their actions and the results of those actions. Effective feedback mechanisms, such as alerts, notifications, and visual changes to elements (like buttons), help users understand the system’s response to their inputs.
-=== Accessibility ===
+=== 1. Interaction Design ===
-Accessibility is the practice of designing user interfaces that can be easily navigated and understood by people with disabilities. This includes considerations for screen readers, keyboard navigation, color contrast, and other factors that ensure inclusivity for all users.
+Interaction design focuses on the way users interact with digital systems. This includes creating workflows, defining actions like clicks or swipes, and establishing feedback mechanisms. The goal of interaction design is to enhance the user's journey through logical and coherent paths.
-=== Hierarchy ===
+=== 2. Visual Design ===
-Visual hierarchy refers to the arrangement of elements in a way that guides users through the interface. Effective use of size, color, contrast, and spacing helps prioritize information, making it easier for users to locate important features and content.
+Visual design is concerned with the aesthetics of the user interface. It includes color schemes, typography, iconography, and overall layout. Effective visual design not only enhances the visual appeal of an interface but also informs users, guiding their attention toward important elements and actions.
-== Methodologies ==
+=== 3. Information Architecture ===
-Various methodologies and frameworks guide User Interface Design, enabling teams to create user-centered products.
+Information architecture involves structuring and organizing content within the interface. The layout must facilitate easy navigation and comprehension, ensuring users can quickly locate the information they seek. This can include creating hierarchies, categorizing content, and designing navigational systems.
-=== User-Centered Design (UCD) ===
+=== 4. Usability Testing ===
-UCD is an iterative design process that emphasizes understanding user needs and incorporating their feedback throughout the development cycle. This approach involves research, prototyping, and user testing to ensure the final product aligns with user expectations.
+Usability testing is a critical process in UID. It involves observing real users interacting with the interface to identify pain points and areas for improvement. Feedback collected during usability testing informs iterative design cycles, allowing designers to refine and optimize interfaces based on actual user behavior.
-=== Agile UX Design ===
+=== 5. Prototyping and Iteration ===
-Agile UX integrates user experience design practices into Agile software development processes. This methodology promotes collaboration between designers and developers, allowing for rapid iterations and adjustments based on user feedback and emerging requirements.
+Prototyping allows designers to create preliminary versions of an interface to test concepts and gather feedback. This step is essential for validating ideas and ensuring that the final product aligns with user expectations. Iterative design, which incorporates user feedback continuously, is fundamental to creating successful interfaces.
-=== Design Thinking ===
+== Usage and Implementation ==
-Design Thinking is a creative problem-solving framework that encourages designers to empathize with users, define problems, ideate solutions, prototype, and test. This human-centered approach fosters innovation and results in products that truly resonate with users.
-=== Interaction Design ===
+The implementation of User Interface Design principles can be observed across various industries and platforms. UID is not limited to a single domain; it spans e-commerce, education, healthcare, entertainment, and more. Some common areas where UID is crucial include:
-Interaction Design (IxD) focuses on how users interact with a product, emphasizing the optimization of workflows, task efficiency, and usability. IxD practitioners create user flows and wireframes that outline the sequence of actions and interactions.
-== Usage and Implementation ==
+=== 1. Web Design ===
-Implementing effective User Interface Design involves several stages, including research, design, testing, and deployment. Each phase is critical to ensuring the final product meets user needs and functions effectively.
+Websites represent a primary application of UID. Effective web design incorporates best practices to ensure easy navigation, quick loading times, and responsive layouts that adapt to device screens. The use of grids, whitespace, and consistent elements minimizes cognitive load and enhances user engagement.
-=== Research and Analysis ===
+=== 2. Mobile Applications ===
-The design process often begins with research to understand user needs, preferences, and pain points. Methods such as surveys, interviews, and usability testing allow designers to gather valuable insights. Analyzing competitor products can also inform design choices and highlight industry standards.
+With the proliferation of smartphones, mobile application design has become a vital aspect of UID. Designers must consider touch gestures, limited screen real estate, and varying user contexts. Approaches such as thumb-friendly navigation and gesture-based controls are essential for optimizing mobile user experiences.
-=== Prototyping ===
+=== 3. Software Applications ===
-Prototyping is an essential step in UID that allows designers to create preliminary versions of the interface. These prototypes can take various forms, from low-fidelity sketches to high-fidelity interactive models. Prototyping enables designers to test ideas quickly, gather feedback, and iterate on designs before full development.
+Desktop software applications also benefit from UID principles. Given that software often involves complex functionalities, a well-designed interface should intuitively lead users through tasks. Menus, toolbars, and shortcuts must align with user expectations to improve productivity and satisfaction.
-=== User Testing ===
+=== 4. Consumer Electronics ===
-User testing is integral to the UID process, allowing designers to observe real users interacting with the interface. This phase uncovers usability issues and provides invaluable feedback, enabling designers to refine the interface further. Common testing methods include A/B testing, usability testing, and beta testing.
+UID is critical in designing user interfaces for consumer electronics, such as smart TVs, wearables, and home automation systems. These devices often involve novel interaction techniques like voice recognition and gesture control, which require unique design considerations to ensure usability.
-=== Implementation ===
+=== 5. Gaming and Interactive Experiences ===
-Once the design is finalized and thoroughly tested, it is implemented by developers. Successful implementation relies on effective collaboration between designers and developers, ensuring that the designed interface is feasible and meets technical requirements.
+In video games and immersive environments, UID plays a significant role in creating enjoyable experiences. The interface must provide players with clear information about game mechanics while allowing intuitive navigation and interaction that enhances engagement and immersion.
 == Real-world Examples or Comparisons ==
-Countless real-world applications exemplify exceptional User Interface Design, illustrating key principles and methodologies in practice. This section compares a few notable examples across different platforms and industries.
-=== Mobile App Interfaces ===
+Numerous companies and products illustrate the principles of User Interface Design in action. Notable examples include:
-Popular mobile applications such as Instagram and Spotify are celebrated for their intuitive interfaces. Instagram employs a minimalist design, allowing users to navigate effortlessly through content. Its use of visual elements and feedback mechanisms enhances user engagement and satisfaction.
-=== Web Interfaces ===
+=== 1. Apple ===
-Websites like Airbnb and Amazon utilize well-structured interfaces that prioritize usability and accessibility. Airbnb’s interface guides users through the booking process with clear calls-to-action and consistent visual hierarchy. Amazon’s product pages employ effective feedback features, such as customer reviews and recommendations, to enhance user decision-making.
+Apple is often lauded for its exceptional User Interface Design. The design philosophy employed in macOS and iOS emphasizes minimalist aesthetics, intuitive navigation, and consistent user experiences across devices. Apple's focus on simplicity and functionality has set a benchmark for UID across the technology industry.
-=== Software Applications ===
+=== 2. Google ===
-Desktop applications like Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Office illustrate complex user interfaces designed to cater to power users. These applications utilize advanced features, yet maintain usability through customizable toolbars, keyboard shortcuts, and extensive documentation, allowing users to tailor the interface to their needs.
+Google's suite of applications showcases UID principles through clean layouts and efficient user flows. Google’s Material Design system promotes a unified design language across its services, providing users with a familiar and consistent experience regardless of the platform or device being used.
-=== Comparative Analysis ===
+=== 3. Microsoft ===
-When comparing interfaces across various platforms, notable differences in design philosophy can be observed. For instance, MacOS emphasizes aesthetics and a seamless experience, while Windows focuses on functionality and versatility. Such differences stem from divergent user demographics and usage contexts.
+Microsoft has evolved its approach to UID with the introduction of Fluent Design, which emphasizes depth, motion, and light to create engaging interfaces across Windows applications. The company prioritizes accessibility, ensuring users of all abilities can effectively navigate and interact with its software.
+=== 4. Airbnb ===
+Airbnb's platform exemplifies effective UID in the context of e-commerce. The interface simplifies the complex process of booking accommodations through clear visuals, concise information, and guided workflows that support users in making informed decisions.
+=== 5. Amazon ===
+As one of the largest e-commerce platforms, Amazon's UID is designed to facilitate easy product discovery and streamlined purchasing. Notable features such as personalized recommendations, intuitive search functionality, and efficient check-out processes highlight the importance of user-centric design in driving online sales.
 == Criticism or Controversies ==
-Despite the advancements in User Interface Design, the field is not without criticism and controversies. Various issues have arisen regarding design practices, ethics, and the impact of UID on society.
-=== Dark Patterns ===
+While User Interface Design has advanced remarkably, criticisms and controversies persist regarding several aspects:
-Dark patterns are deceptive design techniques that lead users into making choices they might not otherwise make. These patterns include hidden opt-ins, misleading language, and obscure navigation, often resulting in negative user experiences. Criticism of dark patterns has led to increased calls for transparency and ethical considerations in design.
+=== 1. Usability vs. Aesthetics ===
+A common contention in UID is the debate between usability and aesthetics. Designers may sometimes prioritize visual appeal over functional efficacy, potentially leading to frustrating user experiences. Striking a balance between these two attributes is necessary for creating effective interfaces.
+=== 2. Accessibility Issues ===
+Despite advancements in UID, accessibility remains a significant challenge. Many digital products fail to accommodate users with disabilities, leading to exclusion. Designers are increasingly being called upon to adhere to accessibility standards and guidelines, ensuring that interfaces are usable by all individuals.
-=== Over-Complexity ===
+=== 3. Dark Patterns ===
-As technology evolves, some designers have been criticized for creating overly complex interfaces packed with features. While additional functionality can enhance user experiences, it can also overwhelm users and counteract usability principles. The challenge lies in balancing functionality and simplicity.
+The practice of employing "dark patterns," which manipulate users into making unintended choices, has drawn significant scrutiny. These deceptive UI design techniques can compromise user trust and result in negative experiences. As awareness of these practices grows, there is a push for ethical design standards that prioritize user welfare.
-=== Accessibility Neglect ===
+=== 4. Rapid Technological Change ===
-Despite growing awareness of accessibility issues, many interfaces still fail to accommodate users with disabilities. Inadequate implementation of accessibility features can alienate these users, raising ethical concerns about inclusivity in design. Advocacy from organizations and individuals for better accessibility standards continues to gain momentum.
+The fast-paced evolution of technology poses challenges for UID as designers must continually adapt to new tools, platforms, and user expectations. This rapid change can result in inconsistencies in design processes and practices, making it difficult for designers to keep pace with emerging trends.
 == Influence or Impact ==
-User Interface Design significantly influences how users engage with technology, shaping experiences across diverse fields. UID impacts not only user satisfaction but also business success and technological adoption.
-=== Consumer Behavior ===
+User Interface Design has impacted not only the technology industry but also broader societal trends. As user-centered products have become more prevalent, the emphasis on UID has influenced organizational structures, hiring practices, and educational curricula.
-Effective User Interface Design can significantly affect consumer behavior. Users are more likely to return to applications and websites that offer seamless experiences, leading to increased user retention and loyalty. Companies that prioritize UID often observe positive impacts on sales and customer satisfaction.
+=== 1. Industry Trends ===
+The growing recognition of UID's importance has led to an increased demand for skilled designers and UX experts across various sectors. Companies are increasingly investing in user research and design teams to enhance product development and customer satisfaction.
-=== Technological Adoption ===
+=== 2. Educational Opportunities ===
-The success of new technologies often hinges on their user interfaces. User-friendly interfaces can accelerate adoption rates, enabling products to reach wider audiences. Conversely, poorly designed interfaces can hinder users’ willingness to embrace new technologies.
+As the demand for UID expertise expands, educational institutions have begun offering specialized programs, workshops, and courses focused on User Interface and User Experience Design. These opportunities enable aspiring designers to develop essential skills in usability research, prototyping, and design implementation.
-=== Professional Practices ===
+=== 3. Societal Expectations ===
-In the tech industry, the importance of User Interface Design has led to the establishment of dedicated roles such as UI designers and UX researchers. These specialists contribute to improving the quality of digital products, promoting a user-centered culture within organizations.
+The rise of UID has influenced societal expectations regarding technology. Users now anticipate well-designed, intuitive interfaces as standard. This shift has led to a broader understanding of the importance of design in enhancing the quality of life and productivity in an increasingly digital world.
-=== Future Trends ===
+=== 4. The Role of Data ===
-As technology advances, emerging trends will shape the future of User Interface Design. Trends such as voice interfaces, augmented reality (AR), and artificial intelligence (AI) are anticipated to transform user interactions and redefine UID methodologies.
+Data-driven design has emerged as a critical aspect of UID. Designers are increasingly utilizing analytics and user feedback to inform design decisions, enabling interfaces to evolve based on actual usage patterns. This trend emphasizes the need for a research-based approach to UID.
 == See also ==
 * [[User Experience Design]]
+* [[Human-Computer Interaction]]
 * [[Interaction Design]]
-* [[Human-Computer Interaction]]
+* [[Visual Design]]
-* [[Accessibility in Web Design]]
+* [[Information Architecture]]
-* [[Design Thinking]]
+* [[Usability Testing]]
-* [[Responsive Web Design]]
+* [[Gestalt Principles of Perception]]
 == References ==
-* [1] [https://www.nngroup.com/articles/definition-user-experience/] Nielsen Norman Group: Definition of User Experience
+* [https://www.nngroup.com/articles/definition-user-experience/ Nielsen Norman Group]
-* [2] [https://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/accessible] W3C Web Accessibility Initiative
+* [https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/ux-design Interaction Design Foundation]
-* [3] [https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/the-ultimate-guide-to-user-interface-design] Interaction Design Foundation: Ultimate Guide to User Interface Design
+* [https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2018/08/user-interface-design-ux-ux-design-guide/ Smashing Magazine]
-* [4] [https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2018/01/dark-patterns-ux/] Smashing Magazine: Dark Patterns in UX
+* [https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/design/discover/user-interface-design.html Adobe Creative Cloud]
-* [5] [https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/user-interface-design.html] Usability.gov: What and Why of User Interface Design
+* [https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/user-interface-design.html Usability.gov]
+* [https://www.apple.com/design/ Apple Design Resources]
+* [https://material.io/ Google Material Design]
+* [https://www.microsoft.com/design/fluent/ Microsoft Fluent Design]
+* [https://www.airbnb.com/ Airbnb]
+* [https://www.amazon.com/ Amazon]
 [[Category:User interface design]]
 [[Category:Human–computer interaction]]
 [[Category:Design disciplines]]