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'''Linux''' is a family of [[open-source]] [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s based on the [[Linux kernel]], an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by [[Linus Torvalds]]. Linux is typically packaged as a [[Linux distribution]], which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the [[GNU Project]]. Distributions may also include additional software for specific use cases, such as [[server (computing)|servers]], [[desktop environment]]s, or [[embedded system]]s. Linux is widely used in various computing environments, from personal computers to supercomputers, and forms the backbone of much of the [[Internet]] and [[cloud computing]] infrastructure.
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
'''Linux''' is a family of open-source operating systems that is based on the Linux kernel, which was initially developed by Finnish software engineer Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linux is designed to be a Unix-like system and has gained a reputation for its stability, security, and flexibility. It dominates the server, supercomputer, and embedded system markets, and has a strong presence in cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The operating system is freely distributable and can be modified, allowing users and organizations to tailor the OS to their specific needs.
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of [[free and open-source software]] collaboration. The source code may be used, modified, and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL). The Linux kernel was developed as a free alternative to proprietary [[Unix]] kernels, and its success has led to widespread adoption across industries.
 
As a key player in the realm of open-source software, Linux has fostered a global community of developers and enthusiasts who contribute to its ongoing development and maintenance. The system is recognized for its robust support for various hardware architectures, including x86, ARM, and PowerPC, making it versatile across diverse computing environments.
 
== History ==
Linux's history begins with the release of the Linux kernel, 0.01, in September 1991, following Linus Torvalds's desire to create a free operating system that would serve as an alternative to the costly UNIX systems available at the time. At the heart of the movement was the Free Software Foundation (FSF), established by Richard Stallman, which advocated for the idea of free software that allows users to run, study, change, and redistribute the software.
 
The first version of Linux, 0.01, was made available to the public through FTP and met with enthusiasm within a nascent community of developers. Over the next few years, numerous forks and modifications of the kernel emerged, and by July 1993, Linux kernel version 1.0 was released, solidifying its viability as a full-fledged operating system. The 1990s witnessed rapid growth in the Linux user community, driven by early adopters and developers who recognized the potential of the system for servers and academic use.


The late 1990s and early 2000s ushered in the commercialization of Linux. Companies such as Red Hat and SuSE began offering commercial support for Linux distributions, providing companies with stability, support, and documentation. This period also saw the emergence of key components like [[GNU]] tools and the [[X Window System]], which allowed Linux to gain parity with other operating systems in terms of functionality.
Key characteristics of Linux include:
* '''Modularity''': Linux supports a wide range of hardware architectures and can be customized for specific needs.
* '''Security''': Features like [[user permissions]], [[SELinux]], and regular security updates make it a robust choice for sensitive environments.
* '''Stability and Performance''': Linux is known for its reliability, often running for years without requiring a reboot, and is optimized for performance in both low-resource and high-performance computing.


Today, Linux continues to evolve under a collaborative model, with contributions from individual developers, universities, and large corporations like IBM, Intel, and Google. Notably, the Linux kernel has reached version 6.x as of 2023, and the ecosystem continues to flourish with innovations in cloud technology, mobile platforms, and containerization solutions.
Linux distributions vary widely, from lightweight systems like [[Alpine Linux]] to full-featured desktop environments like [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and enterprise-grade solutions like [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]].


== Architecture ==
== History or Background ==
The architecture of Linux can be divided into several layers that work together to provide functionality.  
=== Early Development ===
The development of Linux began in 1991 when [[Linus Torvalds]], a Finnish computer science student, sought to create a free operating system kernel. Torvalds was inspired by [[MINIX]], a Unix-like system used for academic purposes, but wanted to build something more functional and open. He announced his project on the [[Usenet]] newsgroup ''comp.os.minix'', describing it as "just a hobby, won't be big and professional like GNU."


* '''Kernel''' – The core of the operating system responsible for managing hardware resources, memory, processes, device drivers, and system calls. The kernel operates in two modes: user mode and kernel mode, allowing for security and stability by isolating user applications from direct hardware access.
=== Growth and Collaboration ===
 
The Linux kernel quickly attracted contributions from other developers, particularly those involved in the [[GNU Project]], which had developed many of the necessary tools for a complete operating system but lacked a kernel. By combining the Linux kernel with GNU utilities, the first functional [[Linux distribution]]s emerged in the early 1990s, such as [[Slackware]] and [[Debian]].
* '''System Libraries''' – These are collections of functions that facilitate communication between applications and the kernel. The GNU C Library (glibc) is an essential component that provides the standard C library functionalities essential for running user applications.


* '''System Utilities''' – These are command-line and graphical user interface (GUI) tools that provide users with the ability to perform various tasks such as file manipulation, user management, and network configuration. Common examples include the Bash shell, [[coreutils]], and [[systemd]] for system and service management.
=== Mainstream Adoption ===
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Linux gained traction in enterprise environments due to its stability, security, and cost-effectiveness. Companies like [[IBM]], [[HP]], and [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] began offering Linux-based solutions, while distributions like [[Red Hat]] and [[SUSE]] provided commercial support. The rise of [[open-source software]] movements further propelled Linux into mainstream use.


* '''User Space''' – This layer consists of user applications, which can include desktop environments (such as GNOME and KDE), web browsers, office suites, and programming tools. User applications interact with the kernel via system calls and libraries to perform tasks.
=== Modern Developments ===
Today, Linux powers a vast array of devices, from [[Android (operating system)|Android smartphones]] to [[supercomputer]]s. The kernel continues to evolve, with contributions from thousands of developers worldwide. Major milestones include the introduction of [[systemd]], the adoption of [[Wayland (protocol)|Wayland]] as a display server, and advancements in [[containerization]] technologies like [[Docker (software)|Docker]] and [[Kubernetes]].


The flexibility of Linux architecture allows various distributions to include or exclude different components, making it adaptable to specific use cases, whether they be servers, desktop environments, or embedded devices.
== Technical Details or Architecture ==
=== Kernel ===
The [[Linux kernel]] is the core component of the operating system, responsible for managing hardware resources, process scheduling, and system security. Key features include:
* '''Monolithic Design''': Unlike [[microkernel]] architectures, the Linux kernel includes most device drivers and system functions in a single executable.
* '''Modularity''': Kernel modules can be loaded and unloaded at runtime, allowing for dynamic hardware support.
* '''Multitasking and Multi-user Support''': Linux supports [[preemptive multitasking]] and allows multiple users to operate the system simultaneously.


== Distributions ==
=== System Libraries ===
Linux distributions (distros) are variations of the original Linux operating system, which integrate the Linux kernel with various software applications and package management systems. As of 2023, there are hundreds of distributions available, each catering to different needs and preferences. Some of the most prominent distributions include:
Linux distributions rely heavily on system libraries, many of which originate from the [[GNU Project]]. Key libraries include:
* [[GNU C Library]] (glibc): The standard C library for system calls and basic functions.
* [[GTK]] and [[Qt (software)|Qt]]: Graphical libraries used by desktop environments like [[GNOME]] and [[KDE Plasma]].


* '''Debian''' – Known for its stability and large repository of packages, Debian serves as the basis for many other distributions, including [[Ubuntu]].
=== File Systems ===
* '''Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)''' – A commercial distribution that provides enterprise-grade support and services, widely used in corporate environments, and is the basis for [[CentOS]] and [[Fedora]].
Linux supports a variety of [[file system]]s, including:
* '''Arch Linux''' – A rolling release distribution that emphasizes simplicity, customization, and user control, allowing experienced users to build their systems from the ground up.
* [[ext4]]: The default file system for many distributions, offering journaling and large file support.
* '''SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)''' – Focused on enterprise use, SLES provides extensive support and services for businesses looking to implement Linux in their operations.
* [[Btrfs]]: A modern file system with features like snapshots and checksums.
* '''Ubuntu''' – Renowned for its user-friendliness, Ubuntu has made Linux accessible to a broader audience and is often recommended for newcomers.
* [[XFS]]: Optimized for high-performance computing and large storage systems.


Each distribution typically includes its own package management system, such as APT for Debian-based systems or YUM/DNF for Red Hat-based systems, facilitating software installation and updates.
=== Boot Process ===
The Linux boot process typically involves:
1. [[BIOS]] or [[UEFI]] firmware initializing hardware.
2. The [[boot loader]] (e.g., [[GRUB]]) loading the kernel and initial RAM disk ([[initramfs]]).
3. The kernel initializing hardware and mounting the root file system.
4. The [[init system]] (e.g., [[systemd]] or [[SysVinit]]) starting user-space services.


== Use Cases ==
== Applications or Use Cases ==
Linux is employed across a wide variety of domains, showcasing its versatility and adaptability. Key use cases of Linux include:
=== Desktop Computing ===
While Linux has a smaller market share on desktops compared to [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[macOS]], it is popular among developers, system administrators, and privacy-conscious users. Distributions like [[Ubuntu]], [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], and [[Linux Mint]] provide user-friendly interfaces and extensive software repositories.


* '''Server Environments''' – Linux is the dominant operating system for servers, driven by its security, stability, and ability to handle high loads. Web servers, database servers, and application servers commonly run on Linux.
=== Servers and Cloud ===
* '''Supercomputing''' – A significant majority of the top supercomputers in the world operate on some form of Linux, leveraging its flexibility and performance to run complex simulations and data analysis.
Linux dominates the server market due to its reliability and scalability. Major use cases include:
* '''Mobile Devices''' – The Android operating system, built on a modified version of the Linux kernel, powers billions of smartphones and tablets globally.
* [[Web server]]s: [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] and [[Nginx]] are widely used on Linux.
* '''Embedded Systems''' – Linux is widely used in embedded systems for consumer electronics, automotive applications, and networking devices due to its lightweight nature and customizability.
* [[Cloud computing]]: Platforms like [[Amazon Web Services|AWS]], [[Google Cloud Platform|GCP]], and [[Microsoft Azure]] rely heavily on Linux.
* '''Cloud Computing and Virtualization''' – Linux has become the backbone of cloud infrastructure, with platforms like [[OpenStack]], [[Kubernetes]], and various container technologies built around it, supporting scalable and efficient cloud services.
* [[Database]]s: [[MySQL]], [[PostgreSQL]], and [[MongoDB]] are commonly deployed on Linux servers.


Due to its open-source nature, organizations frequently use Linux for developmental testing, DevOps environments, and as a secure base for application deployments.
=== Embedded Systems ===
Linux is a popular choice for [[embedded system]]s due to its flexibility and low resource requirements. Examples include:
* [[Router]]s and [[network switch]]es: Many run [[OpenWrt]] or other Linux-based firmware.
* [[Smart TV]]s and [[set-top box]]es: Platforms like [[Android TV]] use Linux.
* [[Automotive]] systems: [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] and other manufacturers use Linux for infotainment and control systems.


== Kernel Development ==
=== Supercomputing ===
Linux kernel development follows an open-source model, allowing developers worldwide to contribute to the codebase. The development process is characterized by its collaborative nature and contributions are reviewed and integrated by a network of maintainers.
As of 2023, all of the world's top 500 [[supercomputer]]s run Linux. Its ability to handle massive parallel processing and customization makes it ideal for high-performance computing (HPC).


The Linux kernel employs a hierarchical approach to version control, utilizing [[Git]], which was originally created by Linus Torvalds in 2005. This version control system facilitates parallel development, allowing numerous changes and updates to be integrated without causing disruptions.
== Relevance in Computing or Industry ==
=== Open-Source Ecosystem ===
Linux is a cornerstone of the [[open-source software]] movement. Its development model encourages collaboration, with thousands of contributors from companies like [[Google]], [[Red Hat]], and [[Intel]]. The success of Linux has inspired other open-source projects, such as [[Kubernetes]] and [[Git]].


Kernel releases follow a predictable schedule, with new major versions typically released every few months. Each release includes new features, performance improvements, security enhancements, and device support. The development cycle includes phases such as feature freeze, testing, and bug fixing, culminating in the stable release of a new kernel version.
=== Economic Impact ===
Linux has significantly reduced costs for businesses by eliminating licensing fees associated with proprietary operating systems. Enterprises can customize and optimize Linux for their needs without vendor lock-in.


Major contributions come from both individuals and large corporations that rely on Linux, including significant enhancements in areas such as filesystem performance, network stack improvements, and support for emerging technologies like [[5G]] and quantum computing.
=== Security and Privacy ===
Linux is often preferred for security-critical applications due to its transparent development process and rapid patching of vulnerabilities. Governments and organizations worldwide use Linux for secure communications and data processing.


== Licensing and Community ==
=== Future Trends ===
Linux is predominantly distributed under the [[GNU General Public License (GPL)]], which stipulates that derivative works must also be freely available under the same licensing terms. This licensing model has fostered a culture of sharing and collaboration among developers, ensuring that innovations can be modified and redistributed freely.
Emerging trends in Linux include:
 
* '''Edge Computing''': Lightweight Linux distributions are being optimized for [[edge computing]] devices.
The Linux community comprises developers, users, and organizations that actively contribute to the kernel and its ecosystem. Numerous forums, mailing lists, and conferences, such as [[LinuxCon]], facilitate collaboration and knowledge sharing. Prominent organizations, such as the Linux Foundation, play a crucial role in supporting development efforts, promoting collaboration among companies, and providing resources for developers.
* '''Artificial Intelligence''': Linux is the platform of choice for [[machine learning]] frameworks like [[TensorFlow]] and [[PyTorch]].
 
* '''Quantum Computing''': Research initiatives are exploring Linux-based systems for [[quantum computing]] control.
Community-driven projects are common, with contributions coming from individuals across diverse backgrounds, ranging from students to professionals in the tech industry. The collaborative model of Linux has made it a shining example of how open-source software can thrive through community involvement.
 
== Influence and Legacy ==
The influence of Linux extends far beyond its technical capabilities; it has reshaped the landscape of software development, business practices, and the collaboration of software communities. The open-source model pioneered by Linux has inspired countless projects, impacting how software is developed and distributed.
 
Linux's role in the rise of cloud computing has been pivotal, with many cloud infrastructure services built around open-source technologies that leverage Linux. It has also influenced mobile technology through Android, which has achieved widespread adoption in smartphones and tablets.
 
Moreover, Linux's success has prompted the reevaluation of proprietary software business practices, encouraging organizations to adopt open-source policies, contributing to a broader tech culture that embraces transparency and collaboration.
 
The legacy of Linux continues to grow, serving as a testament to the importance of community-driven efforts in building powerful tools and technology that benefit all users worldwide.


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Open-source software]]
* [[Unix]] – The family of operating systems that inspired Linux.
* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU Project]] – Provides many of the utilities used in Linux distributions.
* [[Unix]]
* [[Free and open-source software]] – The movement that underpins Linux development.
* [[Android]]
* [[Android (operating system)|Android]] – A Linux-based mobile operating system.
* [[Kernel (computing)]]
* [[List of Linux distributions]] – A comprehensive list of Linux variants.
* [[Containerization]]
* [[Cloud computing]]


== References ==
== References ==
* "Linux Kernel Development" - http://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/
* [https://www.kernel.org/ The Linux Kernel Archives]
* "The History of Linux" - https://www.linux.com/news/linux-history
* [https://www.gnu.org/ GNU Project Official Website]
* "Linux Distributions Explained: A Comprehensive Guide" - https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-distributions-explained
* [https://www.linuxfoundation.org/ Linux Foundation]
* "The Open Source Initiative" - https://opensource.org/
* [https://distrowatch.com/ DistroWatch – Linux Distribution News]
* "Linux Community and Contributions" - https://www.linuxfoundation.org/community/
* [https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/linux Red Hat Linux Resources]
* "Supercomputing with Linux" - https://www.top500.org/
 
[[Category:Operating systems]]
[[Category:Free software]]
[[Category:Unix-like operating systems]]

Revision as of 05:13, 6 July 2025

Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Distributions may also include additional software for specific use cases, such as servers, desktop environments, or embedded systems. Linux is widely used in various computing environments, from personal computers to supercomputers, and forms the backbone of much of the Internet and cloud computing infrastructure.

Introduction

Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified, and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL). The Linux kernel was developed as a free alternative to proprietary Unix kernels, and its success has led to widespread adoption across industries.

Key characteristics of Linux include:

  • Modularity: Linux supports a wide range of hardware architectures and can be customized for specific needs.
  • Security: Features like user permissions, SELinux, and regular security updates make it a robust choice for sensitive environments.
  • Stability and Performance: Linux is known for its reliability, often running for years without requiring a reboot, and is optimized for performance in both low-resource and high-performance computing.

Linux distributions vary widely, from lightweight systems like Alpine Linux to full-featured desktop environments like Ubuntu and enterprise-grade solutions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

History or Background

Early Development

The development of Linux began in 1991 when Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer science student, sought to create a free operating system kernel. Torvalds was inspired by MINIX, a Unix-like system used for academic purposes, but wanted to build something more functional and open. He announced his project on the Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix, describing it as "just a hobby, won't be big and professional like GNU."

Growth and Collaboration

The Linux kernel quickly attracted contributions from other developers, particularly those involved in the GNU Project, which had developed many of the necessary tools for a complete operating system but lacked a kernel. By combining the Linux kernel with GNU utilities, the first functional Linux distributions emerged in the early 1990s, such as Slackware and Debian.

Mainstream Adoption

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Linux gained traction in enterprise environments due to its stability, security, and cost-effectiveness. Companies like IBM, HP, and Oracle began offering Linux-based solutions, while distributions like Red Hat and SUSE provided commercial support. The rise of open-source software movements further propelled Linux into mainstream use.

Modern Developments

Today, Linux powers a vast array of devices, from Android smartphones to supercomputers. The kernel continues to evolve, with contributions from thousands of developers worldwide. Major milestones include the introduction of systemd, the adoption of Wayland as a display server, and advancements in containerization technologies like Docker and Kubernetes.

Technical Details or Architecture

Kernel

The Linux kernel is the core component of the operating system, responsible for managing hardware resources, process scheduling, and system security. Key features include:

  • Monolithic Design: Unlike microkernel architectures, the Linux kernel includes most device drivers and system functions in a single executable.
  • Modularity: Kernel modules can be loaded and unloaded at runtime, allowing for dynamic hardware support.
  • Multitasking and Multi-user Support: Linux supports preemptive multitasking and allows multiple users to operate the system simultaneously.

System Libraries

Linux distributions rely heavily on system libraries, many of which originate from the GNU Project. Key libraries include:

  • GNU C Library (glibc): The standard C library for system calls and basic functions.
  • GTK and Qt: Graphical libraries used by desktop environments like GNOME and KDE Plasma.

File Systems

Linux supports a variety of file systems, including:

  • ext4: The default file system for many distributions, offering journaling and large file support.
  • Btrfs: A modern file system with features like snapshots and checksums.
  • XFS: Optimized for high-performance computing and large storage systems.

Boot Process

The Linux boot process typically involves: 1. BIOS or UEFI firmware initializing hardware. 2. The boot loader (e.g., GRUB) loading the kernel and initial RAM disk (initramfs). 3. The kernel initializing hardware and mounting the root file system. 4. The init system (e.g., systemd or SysVinit) starting user-space services.

Applications or Use Cases

Desktop Computing

While Linux has a smaller market share on desktops compared to Windows and macOS, it is popular among developers, system administrators, and privacy-conscious users. Distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Linux Mint provide user-friendly interfaces and extensive software repositories.

Servers and Cloud

Linux dominates the server market due to its reliability and scalability. Major use cases include:

Embedded Systems

Linux is a popular choice for embedded systems due to its flexibility and low resource requirements. Examples include:

Supercomputing

As of 2023, all of the world's top 500 supercomputers run Linux. Its ability to handle massive parallel processing and customization makes it ideal for high-performance computing (HPC).

Relevance in Computing or Industry

Open-Source Ecosystem

Linux is a cornerstone of the open-source software movement. Its development model encourages collaboration, with thousands of contributors from companies like Google, Red Hat, and Intel. The success of Linux has inspired other open-source projects, such as Kubernetes and Git.

Economic Impact

Linux has significantly reduced costs for businesses by eliminating licensing fees associated with proprietary operating systems. Enterprises can customize and optimize Linux for their needs without vendor lock-in.

Security and Privacy

Linux is often preferred for security-critical applications due to its transparent development process and rapid patching of vulnerabilities. Governments and organizations worldwide use Linux for secure communications and data processing.

Emerging trends in Linux include:

See also

References

Retrieved from "https://wiki.t.us.kg/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=25"