Web Browser: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 07:45, 6 July 2025

Web Browser

A web browser is a software application designed to access, retrieve, and display content on the World Wide Web. This includes web pages, images, videos, and other types of resources. Browsers communicate with web servers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and utilize markup languages like HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to render the content for users. Over the years, web browsers have evolved significantly in terms of functionality, performance, and user experience, integral to the modern digital landscape.

History

The history of web browsers dates back to the early 1990s, coinciding with the inception of the World Wide Web. The first web browser, WorldWideWeb, was developed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. It was a simple text-based browser that allowed users to navigate the content created in HTML.

In 1993, Mosaic was released and marked a significant advancement in web browsing by incorporating graphics and images into the interface. Its user-friendly design popularized the web and laid the foundation for future browsers. Following Mosaic, several browsers emerged, including Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer, the latter becoming dominant during the late 1990s with a significant market share.

The rise of Netscape and Internet Explorer led to what is known as the browser wars, a fierce competition characterized by rapid development and feature additions. Netscape was the first browser to introduce features like secure transactions through SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), while Internet Explorer leveraged integration with the Windows operating system for widespread usage.

The early 2000s saw the emergence of Mozilla Firefox, which positioned itself as an open-source and customizable alternative to Internet Explorer. Its success reinvigorated competition in the space and inspired other browsers to prioritize user privacy and security.

In 2008, Google Chrome was launched, introducing a new architecture that emphasized speed, simplicity, and security. With its minimalist design and powerful performance, Chrome quickly gained immense popularity, becoming the leading browser by market share by the late 2010s.

Today, numerous web browsers exist, including Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Edge, and Opera, each with distinct features, performance metrics, and target audiences.

Design and Architecture

The design and architecture of web browsers comprise several key components that work together to ensure the effective rendering of web content.

User Interface

The user interface (UI) of a web browser is the visual part users interact with when accessing the web. Common elements include the address bar, navigation buttons (back, forward, refresh), bookmarks, and tabs. Modern browsers often support tabbed browsing, allowing users to open multiple web pages in a single window and switch between them easily.

Rendering Engine

The rendering engine is a core component responsible for processing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to display content on the screen. Popular rendering engines include:

Blink: Used by Google Chrome and Opera.
WebKit: Used by Apple’s Safari browser.
Gecko: Used by Mozilla Firefox.

These engines convert the code into a visual representation, including layout, graphics, and interactivity, by following specific standards established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Networking

The networking component of a web browser manages all communications over the internet. This includes initiating requests to web servers and receiving responses via protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS (HTTP Secure). Reliable network communication is crucial for loading websites efficiently and securely.

JavaScript Engine

The JavaScript engine interprets and executes JavaScript code embedded in web pages. It enhances interactivity and dynamic content on websites. Prominent engines include:

V8: Developed by Google for Chrome and Node.js.
SpiderMonkey: Mozilla’s JavaScript engine.
JavaScriptCore: Used in Safari.

Extensions and Plugins

Modern browsers support the use of extensions and plugins that add additional functionality. These can range from ad-blockers and password managers to more advanced tools for development and productivity. Extension support varies across browsers, and many have dedicated web stores for users to discover and install new features.

Usage and Implementation

Web browsers are integral to the day-to-day use of the internet, with applications that range from simple browsing to complex online environments.

General Browsing

The primary purpose of a web browser is to facilitate general browsing, allowing users to access websites by entering URLs or utilizing search engines. The ability to bookmark pages, create history logs, and use tabbed navigation has made browsing more efficient.

Development Tools

Modern browsers come equipped with development tools that are essential for web developers. Features include:

Inspecting and debugging HTML and CSS.
Monitoring network performance.
Profiling JavaScript execution.

These tools allow developers to test and optimize their websites directly within the browser.

Privacy and Security

Web browsers implement various security measures to protect users from threats such as malware, phishing attacks, and data breaches. Features include:

HTTPS enforcement, which ensures secure communications.
Pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted ads.
Privacy modes (e.g., incognito in Chrome or private browsing in Firefox) that do not save browsing history.

Browser vendors consistently update their software to address new vulnerabilities and enhance user privacy.

Mobile Browsing

With the increasing use of mobile devices, web browsers have adapted to provide a suitable interface for smaller screens. Dedicated mobile browsers, such as Chrome for Android and Safari on iOS, optimize web pages for touch interaction and can access mobile-specific content. Mobile browsers often include features like offline reading and data-saving modes.

Real-world Examples

Popular Browsers

Google Chrome: Launched in 2008, known for its speed and extensive library of extensions. It is the most widely used browser in the world.
Mozilla Firefox: An open-source browser that emphasizes privacy and customization. Firefox has a vibrant community that contributes to its development.
Apple Safari: The default browser for Apple devices, praised for its integration with the Apple ecosystem and energy efficiency.
Microsoft Edge: Initially launched in 2015, it replaced Internet Explorer on Windows. The current version, based on the Chromium engine, offers improved performance and support for extensions.
Opera: Known for its innovative features, including a built-in VPN and ad blocker. Opera has a smaller market share but is popular among users who desire a feature-rich browsing experience.

Comparing Browsers

In recent years, several studies have compared the performance and user experience of different browsers. Metrics often considered include:

**Speed**: The time taken to load web pages, with varying results depending on the connection and the complexity of the site.
**Memory Usage**: Browsers differ in how efficiently they handle multiple tabs and processes, impacting overall system performance.
**Security Features**: A comparison of integrated security tools, including phishing protection and privacy settings, can significantly influence user choice.
**Extension Support**: Browsers vary in the number and types of extensions available, which can cater to specific user needs.

Criticism and Controversies

Despite their essential role in internet accessibility, web browsers have faced a number of criticisms and controversies.

Market Dominance

The dominance of certain browsers, particularly Google Chrome, has raised concerns regarding a lack of competition and diversity in web standards. Critics argue that such dominance can skew online resource distribution and negatively impact smaller developers.

Privacy Concerns

Many browsers collect user data to improve services, leading to privacy concerns. For instance, browsers may track user behavior to serve personalized ads, raising ethical questions about consent and data usage.

Security Vulnerabilities

Frequent security vulnerabilities associated with web browsers have been a persistent issue. The need for timely updates and patches to mitigate risks from new threats remains vital for maintaining user safety.

Influence and Impact

Web browsers have significantly influenced the development of the internet and digital culture. They have transformed how users interact with online content, shaping the modern web experience.

Facilitating Access to Information

The ability to quickly access vast amounts of information from anywhere in the world has created a more informed and connected society. Web browsers play an essential role in democratizing information and enhancing global communication.

Development of Web Standards

Web browsers have also driven the establishment of web standards through organizations like the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). These standards ensure compatibility across different browsers and devices, leading to a more uniform web experience.

Influence on Software Development

The need for consistent and performant web applications has led to innovations in web development practices. Technologies such as responsive design, progressive web apps (PWAs), and application programming interfaces (APIs) have evolved alongside the capabilities of modern web browsers.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-= Web Browser =
+== Web Browser ==
-== Introduction ==
+A '''web browser''' is a software application designed to access, retrieve, and display content on the World Wide Web. This includes web pages, images, videos, and other types of resources. Browsers communicate with web servers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and utilize markup languages like HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to render the content for users. Over the years, web browsers have evolved significantly in terms of functionality, performance, and user experience, integral to the modern digital landscape.
-A '''web browser''' is a software application designed to retrieve, present, and traverse information on the World Wide Web. Serving as a conduit between users and the myriad of content available online, web browsers interpret and display HTML and other web languages, allowing users to access websites and resources, including text, images, videos, and other multimedia content. With the evolution of the internet, web browsers have become essential tools for everyday activities, including communication, shopping, education, and entertainment.
 == History ==
-The origins of web browsers can be traced back to the early 1990s, coinciding with the birth of the World Wide Web itself. The first web browser, called '''WorldWideWeb''' (later renamed Nexus), was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 while he was at CERN. The browser featured a simple interface and allowed users to view and navigate hypertext documents.
-In 1993, Marc Andreessen and his team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) introduced '''Mosaic''', the first widely-used web browser that featured a graphical user interface. Mosaic played a pivotal role in popularizing the web by allowing users to view images alongside text, thus attracting a broader audience to the internet.
+The history of web browsers dates back to the early 1990s, coinciding with the inception of the World Wide Web. The first web browser, '''WorldWideWeb''', was developed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. It was a simple text-based browser that allowed users to navigate the content created in HTML.
-Following the success of Mosaic, several browsers emerged, including '''Netscape Navigator''', released in 1994, which rapidly gained market dominance during the mid-1990s. Internet Explorer, developed by Microsoft, was introduced in 1995 and subsequently became the most widely used web browser, primarily due to its integration with the Windows operating system.
+In 1993, '''Mosaic''' was released and marked a significant advancement in web browsing by incorporating graphics and images into the interface. Its user-friendly design popularized the web and laid the foundation for future browsers. Following Mosaic, several browsers emerged, including '''Netscape Navigator''' and '''Internet Explorer''', the latter becoming dominant during the late 1990s with a significant market share.
-As the web evolved, so did browsers. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the so-called "browser wars" unfolded as various companies vied for market share. Firefox, launched in 2004 by the Mozilla Foundation, offered a robust alternative to Internet Explorer, emphasizing speed, security, and user customization.
+The rise of Netscape and Internet Explorer led to what is known as the '''browser wars''', a fierce competition characterized by rapid development and feature additions. Netscape was the first browser to introduce features like secure transactions through SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), while Internet Explorer leveraged integration with the Windows operating system for widespread usage.
-Since then, new challengers such as '''Google Chrome''' (launched in 2008) have emerged, introducing innovative features and enhanced performance, further reshaping the landscape of web browsing. Today's leading browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, and Opera, each with unique characteristics and user experiences, reflecting an ongoing evolution in technology and user expectation.
+The early 2000s saw the emergence of '''Mozilla Firefox''', which positioned itself as an open-source and customizable alternative to Internet Explorer. Its success reinvigorated competition in the space and inspired other browsers to prioritize user privacy and security.
+In 2008, '''Google Chrome''' was launched, introducing a new architecture that emphasized speed, simplicity, and security. With its minimalist design and powerful performance, Chrome quickly gained immense popularity, becoming the leading browser by market share by the late 2010s.
+Today, numerous web browsers exist, including Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Edge, and Opera, each with distinct features, performance metrics, and target audiences.
 == Design and Architecture ==
-Web browsers are composed of several fundamental components that work together to provide a seamless user experience:
+The design and architecture of web browsers comprise several key components that work together to ensure the effective rendering of web content.
 === User Interface ===
-The user interface (UI) of a web browser includes navigation tools such as the address bar, bookmark manager, toolbar, and information display. It is designed to be user-friendly and intuitive, enabling users to easily access and manage web content.
+The user interface (UI) of a web browser is the visual part users interact with when accessing the web. Common elements include the address bar, navigation buttons (back, forward, refresh), bookmarks, and tabs. Modern browsers often support tabbed browsing, allowing users to open multiple web pages in a single window and switch between them easily.
 === Rendering Engine ===
-The rendering engine is the core component responsible for parsing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code and rendering it into visual representations that users can see and interact with. Browsers often utilize different rendering engines, such as Blink (used in Google Chrome and Opera), WebKit (found in Safari), and Gecko (used in Firefox).
+The rendering engine is a core component responsible for processing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to display content on the screen. Popular rendering engines include:
+* '''Blink''': Used by Google Chrome and Opera.
+* '''WebKit''': Used by Apple’s Safari browser.
+* '''Gecko''': Used by Mozilla Firefox.
+These engines convert the code into a visual representation, including layout, graphics, and interactivity, by following specific standards established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
+=== Networking ===
+The networking component of a web browser manages all communications over the internet. This includes initiating requests to web servers and receiving responses via protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS (HTTP Secure). Reliable network communication is crucial for loading websites efficiently and securely.
 === JavaScript Engine ===
-JavaScript engines, such as Google's V8 (used in Chrome) and SpiderMonkey (used in Firefox), execute JavaScript code embedded in web pages. These engines convert the JavaScript into machine code, optimizing performance, and enabling dynamic content interaction.
-=== Networking Components ===
+The JavaScript engine interprets and executes JavaScript code embedded in web pages. It enhances interactivity and dynamic content on websites. Prominent engines include:
-The networking components manage communications between the browser and web servers. This includes protocols such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (HTTP Secure), which facilitate data transfer over the web. Browsers manage requests and responses, handle caching, and maintain secure connections, ensuring users can browse safely.
+* '''V8''': Developed by Google for Chrome and Node.js.
+* '''SpiderMonkey''': Mozilla’s JavaScript engine.
+* '''JavaScriptCore''': Used in Safari.
+=== Extensions and Plugins ===
-=== Browser Extensions ===
+Modern browsers support the use of extensions and plugins that add additional functionality. These can range from ad-blockers and password managers to more advanced tools for development and productivity. Extension support varies across browsers, and many have dedicated web stores for users to discover and install new features.
-Modern browsers support extensions or add-ons that provide additional functionality. Users can customize their browsing experience by installing extensions such as ad-blockers, privacy tools, or social media integrations, enhancing both performance and usability.
 == Usage and Implementation ==
-The implementation of web browsers varies widely not only in technical specifications but also in user experience. Different browsers cater to unique user preferences, operating systems, and device types. The usage patterns of web browsers can also be influenced by various external factors such as privacy concerns, mobile access, and performance.
-=== Desktop Browsers ===
+Web browsers are integral to the day-to-day use of the internet, with applications that range from simple browsing to complex online environments.
-Most web browsers are designed for desktop environments, catering to Windows, macOS, and Linux users. Popular desktop browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari. Each of these browsers offers features appealing to different audiences, focusing on speed, security, and extension availability.
+=== General Browsing ===
+The primary purpose of a web browser is to facilitate general browsing, allowing users to access websites by entering URLs or utilizing search engines. The ability to bookmark pages, create history logs, and use tabbed navigation has made browsing more efficient.
+=== Development Tools ===
-=== Mobile Browsers ===
+Modern browsers come equipped with development tools that are essential for web developers. Features include:
-With the advent of smartphones and tablets, mobile web browsers have become increasingly important. Mobile browsers, such as Safari for iOS and Google Chrome for Android, are designed for touch interfaces, optimizing the browsing experience for smaller screens. Features like offline browsing, voice search, and data-saving modes are prevalent due to the unique requirements of mobile users.
+* Inspecting and debugging HTML and CSS.
+* Monitoring network performance.
+* Profiling JavaScript execution.
-=== Cross-Platform Synchronization ===
+These tools allow developers to test and optimize their websites directly within the browser.
-Many modern browsers offer cross-platform synchronization capabilities, allowing users to access their browser history, bookmarks, and passwords across multiple devices. This seamless experience is facilitated by cloud technology, ensuring that users can move between devices with ease.
 === Privacy and Security ===
-User privacy and security have become paramount concerns in the design and implementation of web browsers. Features such as private browsing modes, built-in VPNs, cookie management, and tracking protection are increasingly integrated into contemporary web browsers. Browsers like Brave and Firefox have focused prominently on privacy-centric browsing experiences, appealing to users seeking enhanced security.
+Web browsers implement various security measures to protect users from threats such as malware, phishing attacks, and data breaches. Features include:
+* HTTPS enforcement, which ensures secure communications.
+* Pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted ads.
+* Privacy modes (e.g., incognito in Chrome or private browsing in Firefox) that do not save browsing history.
+Browser vendors consistently update their software to address new vulnerabilities and enhance user privacy.
+=== Mobile Browsing ===
+With the increasing use of mobile devices, web browsers have adapted to provide a suitable interface for smaller screens. Dedicated mobile browsers, such as Chrome for Android and Safari on iOS, optimize web pages for touch interaction and can access mobile-specific content. Mobile browsers often include features like offline reading and data-saving modes.
 == Real-world Examples ==
-The following examples outline some of the most significant web browsers currently in use, illustrating their unique characteristics and user bases:
-=== Google Chrome ===
+=== Popular Browsers ===
-Launched in 2008, Google Chrome has become the most widely used web browser in the world, known for its speed, simplicity, and extensive library of extensions. Chrome is built on the Blink rendering engine and incorporates the V8 JavaScript engine, contributing to its fast performance. Google’s approach to browser security, including sandboxing technology and automatic malware protection, further solidifies its popularity.
+* '''Google Chrome''': Launched in 2008, known for its speed and extensive library of extensions. It is the most widely used browser in the world.
+* '''Mozilla Firefox''': An open-source browser that emphasizes privacy and customization. Firefox has a vibrant community that contributes to its development.
+* '''Apple Safari''': The default browser for Apple devices, praised for its integration with the Apple ecosystem and energy efficiency.
+* '''Microsoft Edge''': Initially launched in 2015, it replaced Internet Explorer on Windows. The current version, based on the Chromium engine, offers improved performance and support for extensions.
+* '''Opera''': Known for its innovative features, including a built-in VPN and ad blocker. Opera has a smaller market share but is popular among users who desire a feature-rich browsing experience.
-=== Mozilla Firefox ===
+=== Comparing Browsers ===
-First released in 2004, Firefox is an open-source web browser known for its commitment to user privacy and customization. Built on the Gecko engine, Firefox introduced features such as multi-account containers and Enhanced Tracking Protection. Firefox's active community and commitment to transparency have earned it a loyal user base, particularly among privacy-conscious individuals.
-=== Safari ===
+In recent years, several studies have compared the performance and user experience of different browsers. Metrics often considered include:
-Developed by Apple, Safari is the default browser on macOS and iOS and is optimized for Apple devices. Safari integrates deeply with the Apple ecosystem, providing a smooth user experience across Apple products. It is known for its energy efficiency, allowing for longer battery life on mobile devices, and its commitment to user privacy, including features like Intelligent Tracking Prevention.
+* **Speed**: The time taken to load web pages, with varying results depending on the connection and the complexity of the site.
+* **Memory Usage**: Browsers differ in how efficiently they handle multiple tabs and processes, impacting overall system performance.
+* **Security Features**: A comparison of integrated security tools, including phishing protection and privacy settings, can significantly influence user choice.
+* **Extension Support**: Browsers vary in the number and types of extensions available, which can cater to specific user needs.
+== Criticism and Controversies ==
-=== Microsoft Edge ===
+Despite their essential role in internet accessibility, web browsers have faced a number of criticisms and controversies.
-Initially released in 2015 as a successor to Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge has undergone significant transformations, particularly with the switch to the Chromium engine in 2020. This transition provided users with an improved browsing experience, including faster load times and compatibility with Chrome extensions. Microsoft has positioned Edge as a secure and efficient browser, particularly in enterprise environments, integrating features such as Collections and vertical tabs.
-=== Opera ===
+=== Market Dominance ===
-Opera is known for its innovative features, including a built-in ad blocker and VPN service. Founded in 1995, the browser has evolved to support various platforms, boasting a loyal user base. Opera's focus on data efficiency through features such as Turbo mode, designed for low-bandwidth connections, has made it particularly popular in regions where internet access is limited.
-== Criticism and Controversies ==
+The dominance of certain browsers, particularly Google Chrome, has raised concerns regarding a lack of competition and diversity in web standards. Critics argue that such dominance can skew online resource distribution and negatively impact smaller developers.
-Web browsers have faced criticism and controversies over the years, often related to user privacy, security vulnerabilities, and monopolistic practices. Below are several key points of contention:
 === Privacy Concerns ===
-Many web browsers collect user data to enhance features such as personalized experiences and advertisements. Users have raised concerns about the extent of data collection and potential misuse, leading to demands for more transparent privacy policies. Browsers like Google Chrome have faced scrutiny over their tracking practices.
+Many browsers collect user data to improve services, leading to privacy concerns. For instance, browsers may track user behavior to serve personalized ads, raising ethical questions about consent and data usage.
 === Security Vulnerabilities ===
-Web browsers are frequent targets for cyber attacks, with vulnerabilities being discovered in various browsers over time. Notable incidents have included zero-day exploits and security breaches affecting millions of users. The responsible disclosure of these vulnerabilities is critical, requiring browsers to respond swiftly with patches and updates.
-=== Monopolistic Practices ===
+Frequent security vulnerabilities associated with web browsers have been a persistent issue. The need for timely updates and patches to mitigate risks from new threats remains vital for maintaining user safety.
-The dominance of certain web browsers, particularly Google Chrome, has raised regulatory concerns about monopolistic practices. Critics argue that a lack of competition stifles innovation and may lead to a homogenized web experience. Various governments and regulatory bodies have initiated investigations to assess whether practices by dominant browsers violate antitrust laws.
+== Influence and Impact ==
+Web browsers have significantly influenced the development of the internet and digital culture. They have transformed how users interact with online content, shaping the modern web experience.
-=== Accessibility Issues ===
+=== Facilitating Access to Information ===
-Accessibility remains a challenge for many web browsers, with some users finding features insufficient for individuals with disabilities. Although many browsers strive to adhere to accessibility standards, ongoing efforts are necessary to ensure all users can navigate the web effectively.
-== Influence and Impact ==
+The ability to quickly access vast amounts of information from anywhere in the world has created a more informed and connected society. Web browsers play an essential role in democratizing information and enhancing global communication.
-Web browsers have fundamentally transformed how individuals interact with the internet, influencing fields such as communication, commerce, education, and entertainment. Their evolution has deep consequences for society:
-=== Communication ===
+=== Development of Web Standards ===
-Web browsers have enabled instant communication through messaging apps, email services, and social media platforms. The ability to access these tools from any device with a browser has accelerated global communication, allowing for real-time interaction across distances.
-=== E-commerce ===
+Web browsers have also driven the establishment of web standards through organizations like the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). These standards ensure compatibility across different browsers and devices, leading to a more uniform web experience.
-The rise of web browsers has facilitated the growth of e-commerce, enabling consumers to shop online for products and services. Features such as secure payment gateways and Cookies have streamlined the buying process, allowing businesses to thrive in the digital landscape.
-=== Education ===
+=== Influence on Software Development ===
-Web browsers have revolutionized education by providing access to a wealth of information and online learning resources. E-learning platforms, educational tools, and virtual classrooms have enriched traditional learning methods, making them more accessible to a broader audience.
-=== Digital Media Consumption ===
+The need for consistent and performant web applications has led to innovations in web development practices. Technologies such as responsive design, progressive web apps (PWAs), and application programming interfaces (APIs) have evolved alongside the capabilities of modern web browsers.
-Today, web browsers serve as primary gateways for consuming digital media, including streaming services, online gaming, and social media content. The ability to access and share multimedia content has transformed how individuals engage with entertainment.
-== See Also ==
+== See also ==
+* [[History of the web]]
 * [[List of web browsers]]
-* [[Web standards]]
 * [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol]]
-* [[HTML]]
+* [[World Wide Web Consortium]]
-* [[JavaScript]]
+* [[Web development]]
-* [[Security vulnerabilities in web browsers]]
-* [[Browser wars]]
 == References ==
-* [https://www.chromium.org/ Chromium Project Official Site]
+* [https://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)]
-* [https://www.mozilla.org/ Mozilla Official Site]
+* [https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/ Mozilla Firefox Official Site]
-* [https://www.apple.com/safari/ Safari Official Site]
+* [https://www.google.com/chrome/ Google Chrome Official Site]
-* [https://www.microsoft.com/edge Microsoft Edge Official Site]
+* [https://www.apple.com/safari/ Apple Safar Official Site]
+* [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/edge Microsoft Edge Official Site]
 * [https://www.opera.com/ Opera Official Site]
-* [https://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium]
+* [https://www.nngroup.com/articles/browser-history/ A brief history of web browsers - Nielsen Norman Group]
-* [https://www.cnet.com/ article/the-history-of-the-web-browser/ The History of the Web Browser - CNET]
+* [https://www.techradar.com/news/whats-the-best-web-browser-all-the-major-browsers-compared TechRadar: Best Web Browser Comparison]
-* [https://www.wired.com/story/a-brief-history-of-web-browsers/ A Brief History of Web Browsers - Wired]
 [[Category:Web technology]]
 [[Category:Software]]
 [[Category:Internet software]]