Java: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:40, 6 July 2025

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Java's syntax is largely influenced by C and C++, although it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. One of the key features of Java is its ability to run on any device that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making it a pivotal language in the world of software development, especially for cross-platform applications.

History

Java's inception dates back to the early 1990s when it was initially conceived for interactive television. However, the project was renamed "Green" and later evolved into what is now known as the Java programming language. The first public release of Java, known as Java 1.0, came in May 1995. The language quickly gained traction for its use in web development through applets that were executable in web browsers.

In 1997, Java was standardized under the Java Community Process, which allowed for the collaboration of developers to improve and create extensions for the language. Subsequent major releases included Java 2, which introduced significant enhancements like the Swing GUI toolkit for creating rich user interfaces, and Java 5, which added generics, metadata annotations, enumerated types, and the enhanced for-loop. Since then, several updates have been released, including major variations like Java SE (Standard Edition), Java EE (Enterprise Edition), and Java ME (Micro Edition).

In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, becoming the steward of the Java platform. This acquisition deepened the community's interest in the language and established Oracle's role in its further development.

Architecture

Java's architecture is founded on the principle of a "write once, run anywhere" (WORA) capability, meaning that code compiled in Java can be executed on any platform that has the JVM installed. This is achieved through a combination of the following components:

Java Virtual Machine

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is an abstract computing machine that enables a computer to run Java programs. The JVM translates Java bytecode into machine language for the host operating system. This allows for the portability of Java applications across different platforms. JVM is specific to the Java version it runs and is also provided for different operating systems.

Java Runtime Environment

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) provides the libraries, the Java Virtual Machine, and other components that allow Java applications to run. It does not include development tools such as compilers or debuggers, which are included in the Java Development Kit (JDK).

Java Development Kit

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development kit used to develop Java applications. It includes the JRE, an interpreter/loader (Java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator (Javadoc), and other tools needed for Java development.

Java API

The Java API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of classes and interfaces that provide functionality for Java applications. It is organized into packages and contains a diverse range of libraries that assist developers in achieving object-oriented programming, file I/O, networking, and graphic user interface development, among other functionalities.

Features

Java exhibits several notable features that contribute to its widespread adoption and success in various computing environments. These features enhance the programmer's experience and the end-user's interaction with the resulting applications.

Object-Oriented

Java is fundamentally an object-oriented programming language. This paradigm allows for the organization of code into classes and objects, providing abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Object-oriented design helps in breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable components.

Platform Independence

The ability to run the same compiled Java program on any operating system that has a designated JVM is a major factor in Java's popularity. This platform independence stems from its bytecode compilation, which translates Java source code into an intermediate form that is agnostic of hardware or operating system specifics.

Automatic Memory Management

Java includes automatic garbage collection that helps manage memory by automatically freeing up memory that is no longer needed. This reduces memory leaks and other memory-related issues that can plague developers when managing memory manually.

Multi-threading

Java simplifies the execution of multiple threads of execution, allowing programs to perform several tasks simultaneously. The built-in support for multi-threading is critical for developing high-performance applications, such as servers that handle multiple client connections effectively.

Rich Standard Library

The extensive Java Standard Library provides a myriad of classes and methods that developers can utilize to streamline their programming tasks. These libraries cover various domains such as Java Collections Framework, Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), and Java Network Programming.

Security

Java has built-in security features that protect against many common vulnerabilities, such as memory corruption and buffer overflows. The use of the Java sandboxing model further isolates potentially harmful code from the rest of the system, allowing for secure execution of untrusted code.

Implementation

Java's versatility allows for its implementation in various domains ranging from mobile applications to enterprise-level systems. The following are prominent implementations and application areas where Java is commonly used.

Web Development

Java plays a vital role in web development, commonly used on the server-side with technologies like JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and frameworks like Spring and Hibernate. These technologies allow developers to create dynamic web applications that can efficiently interact with databases and provide robust back-end solutions.

Mobile Applications

With the advent of Android, which relies on a modified version of the Java programming language, Java has become a leading language for mobile application development. Android Studio, the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android development, includes extensive libraries and features tailored for Java developers.

Enterprise Applications

Java is a dominant language in the enterprise sector, powering large-scale systems and applications. Java EE (now Jakarta EE) offers a robust framework for developing distributed applications that can handle high transaction loads and integrate with various enterprise resources.

Scientific Applications

Java is also widely used in scientific applications primarily due to its portability and ability to manage large data sets. Libraries like Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart provide various mathematical and graphical functions that are essential for scientific computing.

Embedded Systems

The use of Java in embedded systems has increased significantly, facilitated by Java ME, which is designed for low-resource environments. This is prominent in consumer electronics, such as Blu-ray players, printers, and set-top boxes, where minimal processing power and memory are available.

Game Development

Although less common than C++ or C#, Java is utilized in developing video games, particularly for mobile platforms. Libraries such as libGDX and jMonkeyEngine provide frameworks specifically designed for game development.

Real-world Examples

Numerous high-profile applications have been developed using Java, highlighting its adaptability and robustness. Some examples include:

Android Operating System

The Android operating system relies heavily on Java, with a significant portion of its API designed for Java development. Many Android applications are written in Java, making it one of the most prominent examples of Java in real-world use.

Apache Hadoop

Apache Hadoop, a framework for distributed storage and processing of large data sets, is written in Java. It allows for scalable and efficient handling of big data across clusters of computers.

LinkedIn

The professional networking site LinkedIn is largely developed using Java. The language’s scaling capabilities are essential for handling the vast volume of data and user interactions on the platform.

Subversion

The version control system Subversion (SVN) is another well-known application that employs Java. It provides developers and organizations with tools to manage source code changes effectively.

JBoss Application Server

JBoss, known for being a popular open-source application server, is implemented using Java. It is widely used for deploying enterprise applications and supports Java EE technologies.

Eclipse IDE

The Eclipse Integrated Development Environment, one of the most widely used IDEs for Java development, is itself developed using Java. Eclipse has become a standard developer tool, thanks to its robust features and extensibility.

Criticism

Despite its advantages, Java is not without its criticisms. Some of the major drawbacks noted by developers and industry professionals include:

Performance Issues

Java is often criticized for requiring a considerable amount of memory and for its relatively slower performance compared to languages like C or C++. The overhead caused by the JVM's abstraction can lead to increased latency in application execution.

Verbosity

Java's syntax is sometimes considered verbose, requiring more lines of code to accomplish tasks that may be simpler in other languages. This verbosity can lead to increased boilerplate code, making maintenance more cumbersome.

Dependency on Third-Party Libraries

While Java has a rich set of libraries, developers often find themselves relying heavily on third-party libraries and frameworks. This dependence can lead to compatibility issues or vulnerabilities if not carefully managed.

Backward Compatibility

While Java is designed to be backward compatible, some updates and deprecations can cause legacy applications to malfunction or require significant rewrites. This has concerned many organizations that depend on older Java applications.

References

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-'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Originally developed by Sun Microsystems, which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation, Java was first released in 1995. It is known for its portability across platforms, achieved through the use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The language's design principles emphasize readability, simplicity, and the ability to handle complex tasks efficiently. Java has become one of the most widely used programming languages in the world, particularly for server-side applications and web development.
+'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Java's syntax is largely influenced by C and C++, although it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. One of the key features of Java is its ability to run on any device that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making it a pivotal language in the world of software development, especially for cross-platform applications.
 == History ==
-Java has its roots in the early 1990s when a group of engineers led by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems initiated a project called the "Green Project." The original intent was to create software for consumer electronics, but as the project evolved, it became clear that a new programming language was necessary to meet the project’s objectives. This language was eventually named Java, signifying its dynamic and versatile nature. The first public release of Java (Java 1.0) occurred in May 1995 and featured core innovations, such as the Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) capability, which allows Java programs to run on any device that has a Java Virtual Machine.
-Throughout the years, Java underwent significant changes and enhancements. In 1998, the introduction of Java 2 brought major new features, including Swing for GUI development, and the Collections Framework. The language continued to evolve with subsequent releases such as Java 5 (also known as J2SE 5.0), which introduced generics, annotations, enumerated types, and the enhanced for loop among other key improvements. The platform's comprehensive growth continued with features that supported functional programming and modular programming through the introduction of lambda expressions in Java 8 (released in March 2014).
+Java's inception dates back to the early 1990s when it was initially conceived for interactive television. However, the project was renamed "Green" and later evolved into what is now known as the Java programming language. The first public release of Java, known as Java 1.0, came in May 1995. The language quickly gained traction for its use in web development through applets that were executable in web browsers.
+In 1997, Java was standardized under the Java Community Process, which allowed for the collaboration of developers to improve and create extensions for the language. Subsequent major releases included Java 2, which introduced significant enhancements like the Swing GUI toolkit for creating rich user interfaces, and Java 5, which added generics, metadata annotations, enumerated types, and the enhanced for-loop. Since then, several updates have been released, including major variations like Java SE (Standard Edition), Java EE (Enterprise Edition), and Java ME (Micro Edition).
+In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, becoming the steward of the Java platform. This acquisition deepened the community's interest in the language and established Oracle's role in its further development.
 == Architecture ==
-Java architecture is a structured framework that consists of a set of components that work together to provide a secure, robust, and high-performance environment for executing Java applications. The main components of the Java architecture are the Java Development Kit (JDK), the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
-=== Java Development Kit (JDK) ===
+Java's architecture is founded on the principle of a "write once, run anywhere" (WORA) capability, meaning that code compiled in Java can be executed on any platform that has the JVM installed. This is achieved through a combination of the following components:
-The JDK is a software development environment that provides developers with the tools necessary to create, compile, and package Java applications. It includes the Java Compiler, which converts Java source code into bytecode; Java Archive (JAR) tools for packaging applications; and various libraries that provide pre-written code to facilitate development. The JDK is integral for Java developers, enabling them to write enterprise-level applications as well as mobile applications.
+=== Java Virtual Machine ===
+The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is an abstract computing machine that enables a computer to run Java programs. The JVM translates Java bytecode into machine language for the host operating system. This allows for the portability of Java applications across different platforms. JVM is specific to the Java version it runs and is also provided for different operating systems.
+=== Java Runtime Environment ===
+The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) provides the libraries, the Java Virtual Machine, and other components that allow Java applications to run. It does not include development tools such as compilers or debuggers, which are included in the Java Development Kit (JDK).
-=== Java Runtime Environment (JRE) ===
+=== Java Development Kit ===
-The JRE is a subset of the JDK and comprises the components necessary for running Java applications. It includes the JVM, core libraries, and other components required to execute Java programs. The JRE does not contain development tools like the compiler, making it suitable for end-users wishing to run Java applications on their devices without the need for development capabilities.
-=== Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
+The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development kit used to develop Java applications. It includes the JRE, an interpreter/loader (Java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator (Javadoc), and other tools needed for Java development.
-The JVM is a critical component of the Java architecture responsible for executing Java bytecode. It serves as an abstract computing machine that translates the intermediate bytecode into machine-specific code, enabling the program to run on any platform that has a compatible JVM. The JVM provides memory management, garbage collection, and other runtime services, contributing to Java's reputation as a memory-efficient and stable environment for application execution.
-== Design Principles ==
+=== Java API ===
-Java was designed with several fundamental principles that guide its development and usage. These principles have significantly contributed to the language's popularity and versatility in various applications.
-=== Simplicity ===
+The Java API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of classes and interfaces that provide functionality for Java applications. It is organized into packages and contains a diverse range of libraries that assist developers in achieving object-oriented programming, file I/O, networking, and graphic user interface development, among other functionalities.
-Java was designed to be straightforward and accessible. The syntax of Java is influenced by C and C++, but it eliminates many of the complexities associated with those languages, such as explicit pointer management and operator overloading. This simplicity makes it easier for developers to learn and use the language effectively.
+== Features ==
+Java exhibits several notable features that contribute to its widespread adoption and success in various computing environments. These features enhance the programmer's experience and the end-user's interaction with the resulting applications.
 === Object-Oriented ===
-Java is fundamentally object-oriented, which means it promotes the use of classes and objects to model real-world entities. Object-oriented design principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism allow developers to create modular and reusable code, leading to better software design and maintenance.
-=== Portability ===
+Java is fundamentally an object-oriented programming language. This paradigm allows for the organization of code into classes and objects, providing abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Object-oriented design helps in breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable components.
-Java achieves significant portability through its WORA philosophy. Programs written in Java are compiled into bytecode, which can run on any platform with a compatible JVM. This contrasts with many programming languages that are platform-dependent, as each Java application can function on a variety of devices without requiring recompilation.
+=== Platform Independence ===
+The ability to run the same compiled Java program on any operating system that has a designated JVM is a major factor in Java's popularity. This platform independence stems from its bytecode compilation, which translates Java source code into an intermediate form that is agnostic of hardware or operating system specifics.
+=== Automatic Memory Management ===
+Java includes automatic garbage collection that helps manage memory by automatically freeing up memory that is no longer needed. This reduces memory leaks and other memory-related issues that can plague developers when managing memory manually.
+=== Multi-threading ===
+Java simplifies the execution of multiple threads of execution, allowing programs to perform several tasks simultaneously. The built-in support for multi-threading is critical for developing high-performance applications, such as servers that handle multiple client connections effectively.
+=== Rich Standard Library ===
+The extensive Java Standard Library provides a myriad of classes and methods that developers can utilize to streamline their programming tasks. These libraries cover various domains such as Java Collections Framework, Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), and Java Network Programming.
 === Security ===
-Java incorporates several security features, such as its secure class-loading mechanism and access control functionalities. This architecture is particularly important for web applications, where the risk of malicious attacks is prevalent. The built-in security features enable Java applications to run in a restricted environment and prevent unauthorized access to the system.
-=== Performance ===
+Java has built-in security features that protect against many common vulnerabilities, such as memory corruption and buffer overflows. The use of the Java sandboxing model further isolates potentially harmful code from the rest of the system, allowing for secure execution of untrusted code.
-While Java was designed with high-level abstraction in mind, efforts have been made to optimize its performance. The introduction of Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers, which compile bytecode into native machine code at runtime, significantly improves execution speed. Moreover, the JVM has undergone optimizations to manage memory and system resources more efficiently.
-== Implementation and Applications ==
+== Implementation ==
-Java's versatility allows it to be utilized in various domains, including web development, mobile applications, enterprise solutions, and embedded systems. The following subsections explore its most prominent implementations and applications.
+Java's versatility allows for its implementation in various domains ranging from mobile applications to enterprise-level systems. The following are prominent implementations and application areas where Java is commonly used.
 === Web Development ===
-Java is extensively used in web development, notably within the context of server-side applications. Technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and frameworks like Spring and Hibernate facilitate the creation of dynamic web applications. These tools enable developers to build robust, platform-independent web services that can handle high volumes of transactions and user requests.
-=== Mobile Development ===
+Java plays a vital role in web development, commonly used on the server-side with technologies like JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and frameworks like Spring and Hibernate. These technologies allow developers to create dynamic web applications that can efficiently interact with databases and provide robust back-end solutions.
-The Android operating system, which powers a significant share of mobile devices worldwide, is primarily based on Java. Android provides a rich set of APIs and tools for developers to create mobile applications using Java. Although the Android platform incorporates some modifications to the core Java libraries, it remains rooted in the original Java principles, enabling cross-platform functionality and ease of development.
+=== Mobile Applications ===
+With the advent of Android, which relies on a modified version of the Java programming language, Java has become a leading language for mobile application development. Android Studio, the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android development, includes extensive libraries and features tailored for Java developers.
 === Enterprise Applications ===
-Java is a dominant choice for developing enterprise-level applications due to its stability, scalability, and extensive toolkit. Technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) and Java Message Service (JMS) allow organizations to create large-scale, distributed systems that can handle complex transactions and processes. Java's robust security features also make it a preferred option for financial and banking software development.
-=== Scientific and Research Applications ===
+Java is a dominant language in the enterprise sector, powering large-scale systems and applications. Java EE (now Jakarta EE) offers a robust framework for developing distributed applications that can handle high transaction loads and integrate with various enterprise resources.
-Java is often used in scientific computing due to its reliability and extensive library support for mathematical, graphical, and statistical applications. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math and Java Numerical Library offer researchers and scientists valuable tools to carry out extensive data analysis, simulations, and algorithm development.
+=== Scientific Applications ===
+Java is also widely used in scientific applications primarily due to its portability and ability to manage large data sets. Libraries like Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart provide various mathematical and graphical functions that are essential for scientific computing.
 === Embedded Systems ===
-Java can be found in various embedded systems, ranging from consumer electronics to industrial devices. The Java ME (Micro Edition) platform is specifically designed for small devices with limited resources, allowing developers to create applications for mobile phones, smart cards, and even home appliances. This adaptability enables Java to maintain a presence in the rapidly evolving landscape of the Internet of Things (IoT).
+The use of Java in embedded systems has increased significantly, facilitated by Java ME, which is designed for low-resource environments. This is prominent in consumer electronics, such as Blu-ray players, printers, and set-top boxes, where minimal processing power and memory are available.
+=== Game Development ===
+Although less common than C++ or C#, Java is utilized in developing video games, particularly for mobile platforms. Libraries such as libGDX and jMonkeyEngine provide frameworks specifically designed for game development.
 == Real-world Examples ==
-Various organizations and technologies leverage Java for their software needs, demonstrating its real-world applications across different fields.
-=== Apache Tomcat ===
+Numerous high-profile applications have been developed using Java, highlighting its adaptability and robustness. Some examples include:
-Apache Tomcat is an open-source implementation of the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies. It serves as a web server and servlet container, making it a popular choice for deploying Java-based web applications. Tomcat is widely used by organizations to run Java applications in production environments due to its stability, ease of use, and compatibility with a vast number of Java frameworks.
+=== Android Operating System ===
+The Android operating system relies heavily on Java, with a significant portion of its API designed for Java development. Many Android applications are written in Java, making it one of the most prominent examples of Java in real-world use.
+=== Apache Hadoop ===
+Apache Hadoop, a framework for distributed storage and processing of large data sets, is written in Java. It allows for scalable and efficient handling of big data across clusters of computers.
+=== LinkedIn ===
+The professional networking site LinkedIn is largely developed using Java. The language’s scaling capabilities are essential for handling the vast volume of data and user interactions on the platform.
+=== Subversion ===
+The version control system Subversion (SVN) is another well-known application that employs Java. It provides developers and organizations with tools to manage source code changes effectively.
+=== JBoss Application Server ===
+JBoss, known for being a popular open-source application server, is implemented using Java. It is widely used for deploying enterprise applications and supports Java EE technologies.
 === Eclipse IDE ===
-Eclipse is a prominent integrated development environment (IDE) that provides support for Java development. Its plug-in architecture allows developers to extend its functionality, making it suitable for various programming tasks beyond Java. Eclipse is used by many developers globally for building Java applications due to its rich features, including code completion, debugging tools, and project management capabilities.
-=== Android Platform ===
+The Eclipse Integrated Development Environment, one of the most widely used IDEs for Java development, is itself developed using Java. Eclipse has become a standard developer tool, thanks to its robust features and extensibility.
-The Android operating system is one of the most significant contributions of Java to mobile technology. With its software development kit (SDK) based on Java, developers can create a wide variety of applications for smartphones and tablets. The vast ecosystem of apps on the Google Play Store highlights Java's impact on mobile platforms and its role as a primary development language for Android developers.
-=== JBoss Application Server ===
+== Criticism ==
-JBoss, developed by Red Hat, is an open-source application server that supports Java EE (Enterprise Edition) technologies. It provides a platform for building and deploying enterprise applications, renowned for its scalability and flexibility. Numerous organizations utilize JBoss to develop mission-critical applications in industries such as finance, telecommunications, and healthcare.
-== Criticism and Limitations ==
+Despite its advantages, Java is not without its criticisms. Some of the major drawbacks noted by developers and industry professionals include:
-Despite its widespread adoption and numerous advantages, Java has faced criticism on various fronts. Some of the limitations and challenges associated with the language include:
-=== Performance Concerns ===
+=== Performance Issues ===
-Although Java has made strides to improve performance through JIT compilation, it is generally regarded as slower than natively compiled languages such as C or C++. This perception stems from the overhead introduced by the JVM environment, which may result in lower execution speed for certain applications, especially those requiring intensive computational tasks.
-=== Memory Management ===
+Java is often criticized for requiring a considerable amount of memory and for its relatively slower performance compared to languages like C or C++. The overhead caused by the JVM's abstraction can lead to increased latency in application execution.
-Java employs automatic garbage collection, which can lead to unpredictable application behavior. Developers may experience occasional pauses due to garbage collection cycles, impacting the user experience in performance-critical applications. While garbage collection eases memory management, it can be a double-edged sword when fine-tuned memory control is required.
 === Verbosity ===
-Java is often criticized for being overly verbose compared to modern programming languages such as Python or Kotlin. The requirement for extensive boilerplate code can make Java applications cumbersome to write and maintain. This verbosity can be off-putting to new developers who may prefer more concise and expressive languages.
+Java's syntax is sometimes considered verbose, requiring more lines of code to accomplish tasks that may be simpler in other languages. This verbosity can lead to increased boilerplate code, making maintenance more cumbersome.
+=== Dependency on Third-Party Libraries ===
+While Java has a rich set of libraries, developers often find themselves relying heavily on third-party libraries and frameworks. This dependence can lead to compatibility issues or vulnerabilities if not carefully managed.
 === Backward Compatibility ===
-While Java maintains backward compatibility to ensure that older applications can run on newer versions, this feature can complicate the evolution of the language. The necessity to support legacy code can hinder the introduction of more innovative language features and improvements, with developers often facing challenges when updating or refactoring older applications.
+While Java is designed to be backward compatible, some updates and deprecations can cause legacy applications to malfunction or require significant rewrites. This has concerned many organizations that depend on older Java applications.
 == See also ==
 * [[Java (programming language)]]
-* [[Java SE (Standard Edition)]]
+* [[Java Platform, Standard Edition]]
-* [[Java EE (Enterprise Edition)]]
+* [[Java Micro Edition]]
-* [[Java ME (Micro Edition)]]
+* [[Java Enterprise Edition]]
+* [[Java Development Kit]]
 * [[Java Virtual Machine]]
-* [[Android (operating system)]]
+* [[Jakarta EE]]
-* [[Spring Framework]]
 == References ==
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Java SE Documentation]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle Java Official Site]
-* [https://www.eclipse.org/ Eclipse IDE Official Site]
+* [https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/ Oracle Java SE Documentation]
-* [https://tomcat.apache.org/ Apache Tomcat Official Site]
+* [https://www.javasourcecode.com/ Java Source Code]
-* [https://developer.android.com/ Android Developers Official Site]
+* [https://www.openjdk.org/ OpenJDK Project]
-* [https://www.jboss.org/ JBoss Application Server Official Site]
-[[Category:Java (programming language)]]
 [[Category:Programming languages]]
-[[Category:Computing]]
+[[Category:Software]]
+[[Category:Technology]]