Java: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:36, 6 July 2025

Java is an object-oriented programming language that was originally developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in 1995. It is designed to have the properties of being platform-independent, secure, and robust, making it widely used across various domains such as web development, mobile applications, and enterprise solutions. Java has earned a prominent place in the software development landscape due to its versatility, performance, and the extensive ecosystem surrounding it.

History

Origin and Development

The development of Java began in the early 1990s when James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton embarked on a project initially named the "Green Project." The primary aim was to create software for interactive television. As the project evolved, it became evident that a sophisticated programming language was needed to support rich graphical interfaces and complex interactions. In 1995, Java was officially released with a tagline that highlighted its key feature: "Write Once, Run Anywhere." This statement emphasized Java's capability to run on any device that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

In 1996, the first version of the Java Development Kit (JDK) was released, which provided developers with the tools needed to build Java applications. Over the years, significant enhancements were introduced, including the introduction of Java 2 in 1998, which introduced the Collections Framework and Swing for building graphical user interfaces. The transition of Java from being a niche language to a mainstream language accelerated when it was adopted for web development through applets, which allowed interactive content within web browsers.

Evolution of Java Versions

Java has undergone several revisions since its inception. Each version brought new features and improvements, addressing the evolving needs of developers.

Java 1.0, released in 1996, set the foundation by providing essential features such as a robust security model and automatic memory management. Subsequent versions introduced significant enhancements:

Java 1.1 (1997) introduced an inner classes mechanism and JDBC (Java Database Connectivity).
Java 2 (1998) introduced the Swing GUI toolkit and the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE).
Java 5 (2004), also known as Java 1.5, included generics, annotations, enumerated types, and the enhanced for loop.
Java 8 (2014) was a landmark release that introduced lambda expressions and the Stream API, significantly enhancing the functional programming capabilities of Java.
Java 9 (2017) introduced the module system, enhancing encapsulation and modularization.

The release of Java 11 (2018), which is a Long-Term Support (LTS) version, marked a significant milestone in Java's journey by enabling developers to use it for production environments confidently.

Ownership and Governance

In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, taking ownership of Java and its associated technologies. Under Oracle's stewardship, Java continues to evolve, with regular periodic updates and the introduction of new features. The Java Community Process (JCP) allows broader community participation in the evolution of the language, ensuring that various stakeholders can contribute their requirements and ideas.

Architecture

Structure of Java Applications

Java employs a unique architecture that comprises several components working in tandem. A typical Java application consists of source code written in Java, which is compiled into bytecode. This bytecode is platform-independent and can be executed on any device with a Java Virtual Machine. The JVM interprets the bytecode and translates it into native machine code, which is executed on the hardware.

One of the fundamental aspects of Java's architecture is its use of the Java Development Kit (JDK), which includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and development tools. The JRE provides the core libraries and the JVM required to run Java applications, while the JDK includes tools such as the Java compiler and debuggers, facilitating the development process.

Object-Oriented Design Principles

Java adheres to the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP), which are encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. These principles allow developers to build modular and reusable code. Encapsulation ensures that the internal state of an object is hidden from the outside world, exposing only necessary methods for interaction. Inheritance allows a new class to inherit the attributes and methods of an existing class, promoting code reuse. Polymorphism enables methods to be overridden, providing flexibility in how objects can interact.

Exception Handling Model

Error management is a critical aspect of any robust programming language, and Java has a comprehensive exception handling model. Java distinguishes between checked and unchecked exceptions. Checked exceptions are those that must be either caught or declared in the method signature, enforcing a discipline in error handling. Unchecked exceptions, which include runtime exceptions, do not require explicit handling. This mechanism allows developers to write error-free code while providing flexibility in managing errors effectively.

Implementation

Development Tools and Ecosystem

Java's ecosystem is rich with development tools, frameworks, and libraries that facilitate the development of Java applications. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, and NetBeans offer powerful features like code autocompletion, error detection, and debugging facilities that streamline the development process.

In addition to IDEs, the Java ecosystem includes a plethora of libraries and frameworks that simplify application development. For instance, Spring Framework provides a comprehensive programming and configuration model for building enterprise applications. Hibernate is widely used for object-relational mapping, enabling Java developers to interact with databases in an object-oriented manner. These tools significantly reduce development time and enhance productivity.

Web Applications

Java is a popular choice for developing web applications due to its scalability, security features, and extensive frameworks. Technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP) and servlets allow developers to create dynamic web content while leveraging Java's object-oriented principles. The Spring MVC framework, built upon the Model-View-Controller architecture, facilitates the construction of modern web applications by separating concerns and promoting maintainable code.

Furthermore, the introduction of JavaServer Faces (JSF) has provided a component-based UI framework that simplifies the development of user interfaces for web applications, allowing developers to create rich web experiences with ease.

Mobile Development

Java is also deeply rooted in the mobile application development landscape, particularly because of its association with the Android operating system. Android applications are primarily written in Java, using the Android SDK (Software Development Kit). The Android ecosystem has its unique set of frameworks and libraries tailored for mobile environments, providing developers with the tools needed to create sophisticated and user-friendly mobile applications.

Through the use of Java, Android applications can tap into extensive APIs, enabling functionality such as access to hardware components, internet connectivity, and location services. The combination of Java's stability and Android's popularity has made Java the de facto language for mobile app development.

Applications

Enterprise Solutions

Java continues to be the backbone of many enterprise-level applications and services. The Java EE (Enterprise Edition) platform provides a robust environment for developing large-scale, distributed applications. Features such as Java Persistence API (JPA), which simplifies database handling, and Java Message Service (JMS), used for messaging between applications, make Java a compelling choice for enterprises.

Many organizations depend on Java-powered frameworks to build secure and scalable applications. Java’s strong type system aids in building large codebases with fewer bugs, enhancing reliability in mission-critical applications.

Internet of Things (IoT)

As the Internet of Things gains traction, Java has positioned itself as a viable language for IoT development. With frameworks like Java ME (Micro Edition), which is optimized for embedded systems and mobile devices, developers can create applications that run on constrained devices. Java's platform-independent nature allows for consistent development across various hardware configurations, making it an attractive choice for IoT solutions.

Scientific and Research Applications

In the realm of scientific computing and research, Java has found a niche due to its performance and ease of use. Although languages like Python and MATLAB are often preferred for numerical computing, Java's strength in managing large datasets and its memory efficiency make it suitable for certain scientific applications. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart provide additional support for mathematical operations and data visualization.

Criticism and Limitations

Performance Concerns

Despite its many advantages, Java is often criticized for its performance compared to lower-level languages like C and C++. The abstraction layer provided by the JVM can introduce overhead that may impact performance in scenarios where execution speed is critical. However, improvements in Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation and optimizations in the JVM have alleviated some of these concerns over time.

Verbosity of Code

Java is frequently described as verbose in its syntax compared to more modern programming languages. Developers often need to write more boilerplate code to achieve functionality that other languages offer in a more concise manner. This verbosity can lead to longer development times and increased maintenance effort, prompting many developers to seek alternative languages that offer succinct syntax.

Fragmentation and Compatibility Issues

Java's extensive ecosystem can also lead to fragmentation, with numerous libraries and frameworks vying for dominance in particular application domains. While diversity can foster innovation, it can also cause compatibility issues when integrating different libraries or frameworks. Developers may face challenges when ensuring that their Java applications work across various versions of the Java platform, necessitating careful planning and testing.

Future Prospects

Trends in Development

The future of Java appears vibrant as it continues to evolve with the changing landscape of software development. The ongoing enhancements to the language, such as the introduction of features like pattern matching and records, show a commitment to improving developer experience. With the rise of cloud computing and microservices architecture, Java is adapting to meet the needs of modern application development.

The active Java community, coupled with regular updates from Oracle, ensures that Java remains relevant in addressing current and future technological challenges.

Role in Emerging Technologies

Java's adaptability positions it well for emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics. The integration of Java libraries and frameworks with solutions in these fields, such as Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark, illustrates Java's versatility and strength in handling complex data processing tasks.

As developers continue to explore Java's capabilities in these areas, it is likely that the language will evolve further to embrace new paradigms and methodologies.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Originally developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s, Java has become one of the most widely used programming languages. It encompasses a wide array of computing platforms, from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. One of Java’s core philosophies is that code written in this language should be able to run on any platform without needing recompilation, a principle encapsulated in the slogan "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA). Java is utilized in a myriad of applications including web development, mobile applications (particularly Android apps), and large-scale enterprise systems.
+'''Java''' is an object-oriented programming language that was originally developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in 1995. It is designed to have the properties of being platform-independent, secure, and robust, making it widely used across various domains such as web development, mobile applications, and enterprise solutions. Java has earned a prominent place in the software development landscape due to its versatility, performance, and the extensive ecosystem surrounding it.
 == History ==
-=== Origins and Development ===
+=== Origin and Development ===
-The roots of Java can be traced back to 1991 when a group of Sun Microsystems engineers, guided by James Gosling, began developing a programming language called Oak. Primarily intended for interactive television, Oak was eventually renamed to Java in 1995. This name change was reflective of the motivation behind the language, which aimed to encapsulate a sense of vitality and innovation, akin to Java coffee.
+The development of Java began in the early 1990s when James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton embarked on a project initially named the "Green Project." The primary aim was to create software for interactive television. As the project evolved, it became evident that a sophisticated programming language was needed to support rich graphical interfaces and complex interactions. In 1995, Java was officially released with a tagline that highlighted its key feature: "Write Once, Run Anywhere." This statement emphasized Java's capability to run on any device that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
-Java was officially released in 1995 alongside the release of the first version of the Java Development Kit (JDK 1.0) and introduced the revolutionary concept of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This allowed Java programs to run on various hardware without needing to rewrite them. The language’s design virtues such as simplicity, object-orientedness, and robustness made it highly acclaimed in both academic and professional circles.
+In 1996, the first version of the Java Development Kit (JDK) was released, which provided developers with the tools needed to build Java applications. Over the years, significant enhancements were introduced, including the introduction of Java 2 in 1998, which introduced the Collections Framework and Swing for building graphical user interfaces. The transition of Java from being a niche language to a mainstream language accelerated when it was adopted for web development through applets, which allowed interactive content within web browsers.
-=== Java in the Late 1990s ===
+=== Evolution of Java Versions ===
-By the late 1990s, Java had gained a significant foothold in the programming community, facilitated by the rise of the Internet. During this time, the Java language expanded to include features such as the Java 2 Platform, which introduced a more comprehensive API and the concept of Swing for graphical user interface development. With Java 2, Sun Microsystems also divided the platform into different editions suitable for different environments: the Standard Edition (Java SE), Enterprise Edition (Java EE), and Micro Edition (Java ME).
+Java has undergone several revisions since its inception. Each version brought new features and improvements, addressing the evolving needs of developers.
-=== The Rise of Open Source ===
+Java 1.0, released in 1996, set the foundation by providing essential features such as a robust security model and automatic memory management. Subsequent versions introduced significant enhancements:
-In 1999, Java opened its doors to the open-source community with the establishment of the Java Community Process (JCP). This development allowed developers worldwide to contribute to the continued evolution of Java, thus promoting a collaborative approach to improvements and innovations.
+* Java 1.1 (1997) introduced an inner classes mechanism and JDBC (Java Database Connectivity).
+* Java 2 (1998) introduced the Swing GUI toolkit and the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE).
+* Java 5 (2004), also known as Java 1.5, included generics, annotations, enumerated types, and the enhanced for loop.
+* Java 8 (2014) was a landmark release that introduced lambda expressions and the Stream API, significantly enhancing the functional programming capabilities of Java.
+* Java 9 (2017) introduced the module system, enhancing encapsulation and modularization.
-Following the acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation in 2010, Java maintained its status as a core pillar of enterprise computing and continued evolving with ongoing version updates. Oracle's stewardship has, however, attracted criticisms regarding licensing and the direction of the platform.
+The release of Java 11 (2018), which is a Long-Term Support (LTS) version, marked a significant milestone in Java's journey by enabling developers to use it for production environments confidently.
+=== Ownership and Governance ===
+In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, taking ownership of Java and its associated technologies. Under Oracle's stewardship, Java continues to evolve, with regular periodic updates and the introduction of new features. The Java Community Process (JCP) allows broader community participation in the evolution of the language, ensuring that various stakeholders can contribute their requirements and ideas.
 == Architecture ==
-=== Java Platform Overview ===
+=== Structure of Java Applications ===
-The Java platform is divided into several components, each of which plays a crucial role in the language's operation and its extensive application in modern computing environments. The architecture consists primarily of the Java Language, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and the Java Application Programming Interface (API).
+Java employs a unique architecture that comprises several components working in tandem. A typical Java application consists of source code written in Java, which is compiled into bytecode. This bytecode is platform-independent and can be executed on any device with a Java Virtual Machine. The JVM interprets the bytecode and translates it into native machine code, which is executed on the hardware.
-=== Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
+One of the fundamental aspects of Java's architecture is its use of the Java Development Kit (JDK), which includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and development tools. The JRE provides the core libraries and the JVM required to run Java applications, while the JDK includes tools such as the Java compiler and debuggers, facilitating the development process.
-The Java Virtual Machine is a highly powerful engine that enables Java bytecode to be executed anywhere, regardless of the underlying hardware architecture. JVM acts as an intermediary layer between Java applications and the hardware, which ensures that the developer focuses on writing logical code while the JVM handles the specifics of the hardware. The JVM enables features such as garbage collection, which manages memory by automatically clearing unused objects, thus improving performance and efficiency.
-=== Java Runtime Environment (JRE) ===
+=== Object-Oriented Design Principles ===
-The Java Runtime Environment contains the necessary libraries and components to run Java applications on a device. It includes a set of tools for developing and monitoring Java applications, as well as the JVM, but does not contain development tools like the compiler. While JVM provides the runtime engine, the JRE provides the resources needed for executing Java applications.
+Java adheres to the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP), which are encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. These principles allow developers to build modular and reusable code. Encapsulation ensures that the internal state of an object is hidden from the outside world, exposing only necessary methods for interaction. Inheritance allows a new class to inherit the attributes and methods of an existing class, promoting code reuse. Polymorphism enables methods to be overridden, providing flexibility in how objects can interact.
-=== Java Development Kit (JDK) ===
+=== Exception Handling Model ===
-The Java Development Kit is a core component intended for software developers to write, compile, and debug their Java applications. It includes the Java Compiler, which translates Java code into bytecode, as well as various tools to help with Java development, such as the Java Debugger. The JDK is essential for developing Java apps, whether for desktop environments, servers, or mobile devices.
+Error management is a critical aspect of any robust programming language, and Java has a comprehensive exception handling model. Java distinguishes between checked and unchecked exceptions. Checked exceptions are those that must be either caught or declared in the method signature, enforcing a discipline in error handling. Unchecked exceptions, which include runtime exceptions, do not require explicit handling. This mechanism allows developers to write error-free code while providing flexibility in managing errors effectively.
 == Implementation ==
-=== Java Standard Edition (Java SE) ===
+=== Development Tools and Ecosystem ===
-Java Standard Edition is the core of the Java programming language and provides the fundamental classes and APIs. It encompasses essential libraries for general software development, such as the collections framework, networking, input/output operations, and graphical user interface capabilities through the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) and Swing libraries.
+Java's ecosystem is rich with development tools, frameworks, and libraries that facilitate the development of Java applications. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, and NetBeans offer powerful features like code autocompletion, error detection, and debugging facilities that streamline the development process.
-=== Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) ===
+In addition to IDEs, the Java ecosystem includes a plethora of libraries and frameworks that simplify application development. For instance, Spring Framework provides a comprehensive programming and configuration model for building enterprise applications. Hibernate is widely used for object-relational mapping, enabling Java developers to interact with databases in an object-oriented manner. These tools significantly reduce development time and enhance productivity.
-Java Enterprise Edition provides a robust framework for developing large-scale enterprise-level applications. Featuring support for distributed systems, Java EE includes various APIs for handling transactions, messaging, persistence, and web applications. Key features include Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI), and JavaServer Faces (JSF), which facilitate the development of complex web applications.
-=== Java Micro Edition (Java ME) ===
+=== Web Applications ===
-Java Micro Edition is tailored specifically for resource-constrained embedded systems and mobile devices. By providing a subset of the Java SE features, Java ME makes it possible to develop applications for mobile phones, personal digital assistants, and other small devices. The platform is characterized by its ability to operate with less memory, processing power, and battery life while still maintaining a significant Java experience.
+Java is a popular choice for developing web applications due to its scalability, security features, and extensive frameworks. Technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP) and servlets allow developers to create dynamic web content while leveraging Java's object-oriented principles. The Spring MVC framework, built upon the Model-View-Controller architecture, facilitates the construction of modern web applications by separating concerns and promoting maintainable code.
-=== JavaFX ===
+Furthermore, the introduction of JavaServer Faces (JSF) has provided a component-based UI framework that simplifies the development of user interfaces for web applications, allowing developers to create rich web experiences with ease.
-JavaFX is an advanced platform for creating rich internet applications that enhance user experience through features like animations, 2D and 3D graphics, and media playback. Through its integration with existing Java technologies, JavaFX aims to provide a seamless development environment for building modern UI applications that operate across several devices.
-== Applications ==
+=== Mobile Development ===
+Java is also deeply rooted in the mobile application development landscape, particularly because of its association with the Android operating system. Android applications are primarily written in Java, using the Android SDK (Software Development Kit). The Android ecosystem has its unique set of frameworks and libraries tailored for mobile environments, providing developers with the tools needed to create sophisticated and user-friendly mobile applications.
-=== Web Development ===
+Through the use of Java, Android applications can tap into extensive APIs, enabling functionality such as access to hardware components, internet connectivity, and location services. The combination of Java's stability and Android's popularity has made Java the de facto language for mobile app development.
-Java's versatility lends itself well to web application development. Technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and the Spring framework allow developers to build robust server-side applications. Java-enabled web servers can deliver dynamic content and execute complex business logic, making it a popular choice for enterprise applications.
-=== Mobile Applications ===
+== Applications ==
-Another prominent use of Java is in the development of mobile applications, primarily on the Android platform. The Android operating system, which is based on a modified version of the Java language, allows developers to create rich, interactive apps that scale across various device types. With Android Studio as the primary Integrated Development Environment (IDE), Java remains one of the dominant programming languages in mobile app development.
-=== Enterprise Software ===
+=== Enterprise Solutions ===
-Java is heavily employed in the development of enterprise-level applications due to its robust architecture and scalability. Many large organizations leverage Java EE to build complex systems that require reliability, transaction support, and security. The platform's extensive libraries and frameworks, such as Hibernate for object-relational mapping and Spring for dependency injection, make it a go-to choice for building enterprise software.
+Java continues to be the backbone of many enterprise-level applications and services. The Java EE (Enterprise Edition) platform provides a robust environment for developing large-scale, distributed applications. Features such as Java Persistence API (JPA), which simplifies database handling, and Java Message Service (JMS), used for messaging between applications, make Java a compelling choice for enterprises.
-=== Scientific Applications ===
+Many organizations depend on Java-powered frameworks to build secure and scalable applications. Java’s strong type system aids in building large codebases with fewer bugs, enhancing reliability in mission-critical applications.
-Java's cross-platform capabilities and ease of integration make it an excellent choice for scientific computing applications. The language is often utilized in bioinformatics, computational biology, and simulations. Libraries like Apache Commons Math and JScience allow for sophisticated mathematical modeling and computations.
 === Internet of Things (IoT) ===
-In recent years, Java has emerged as a favored programming language for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It provides the flexibility to build applications that run on embedded systems and communicate with numerous devices and sensors. Java ME and Java SE Embedded are specialized editions tailored for the needs of IoT development, representing the language's adaptability to evolving technological needs.
+As the Internet of Things gains traction, Java has positioned itself as a viable language for IoT development. With frameworks like Java ME (Micro Edition), which is optimized for embedded systems and mobile devices, developers can create applications that run on constrained devices. Java's platform-independent nature allows for consistent development across various hardware configurations, making it an attractive choice for IoT solutions.
+=== Scientific and Research Applications ===
+In the realm of scientific computing and research, Java has found a niche due to its performance and ease of use. Although languages like Python and MATLAB are often preferred for numerical computing, Java's strength in managing large datasets and its memory efficiency make it suitable for certain scientific applications. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart provide additional support for mathematical operations and data visualization.
-== Criticism ==
+== Criticism and Limitations ==
 === Performance Concerns ===
-While Java's platform independence is a significant advantage, it often faces criticism regarding performance and memory consumption compared to native programming languages like C or C++. The garbage collection mechanism, while beneficial for memory management, may introduce latency, particularly in real-time systems where performance is critical.
+Despite its many advantages, Java is often criticized for its performance compared to lower-level languages like C and C++. The abstraction layer provided by the JVM can introduce overhead that may impact performance in scenarios where execution speed is critical. However, improvements in Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation and optimizations in the JVM have alleviated some of these concerns over time.
+=== Verbosity of Code ===
+Java is frequently described as verbose in its syntax compared to more modern programming languages. Developers often need to write more boilerplate code to achieve functionality that other languages offer in a more concise manner. This verbosity can lead to longer development times and increased maintenance effort, prompting many developers to seek alternative languages that offer succinct syntax.
+=== Fragmentation and Compatibility Issues ===
+Java's extensive ecosystem can also lead to fragmentation, with numerous libraries and frameworks vying for dominance in particular application domains. While diversity can foster innovation, it can also cause compatibility issues when integrating different libraries or frameworks. Developers may face challenges when ensuring that their Java applications work across various versions of the Java platform, necessitating careful planning and testing.
+== Future Prospects ==
-=== Complexity and Verbosity ===
+=== Trends in Development ===
-The language's design has been critiqued for its verbosity and complexity, particularly concerning the use of boilerplate code. Many developers argue that the extensive use of annotations, interfaces, and design patterns can obscure understanding and make code harder to read and maintain.
+The future of Java appears vibrant as it continues to evolve with the changing landscape of software development. The ongoing enhancements to the language, such as the introduction of features like pattern matching and records, show a commitment to improving developer experience. With the rise of cloud computing and microservices architecture, Java is adapting to meet the needs of modern application development.
-=== Licensing Issues ===
+The active Java community, coupled with regular updates from Oracle, ensures that Java remains relevant in addressing current and future technological challenges.
-Following Oracle's acquisition of Sun Microsystems, various controversies have arisen regarding Java's licensing model. Developers and organizations have raised concerns over the implications of the licensing changes for open-source projects and the increase in restrictions around the use of the Java Development Kit.
-=== Compatibility and Fragmentation ===
+=== Role in Emerging Technologies ===
-Over the years, numerous versions of Java have been released, which sometimes leads to compatibility issues across different platforms. The fragmentation concerning versions (notably between Java SE and Java EE) can create difficulties for developers when maintaining and upgrading applications.
+Java's adaptability positions it well for emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics. The integration of Java libraries and frameworks with solutions in these fields, such as Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark, illustrates Java's versatility and strength in handling complex data processing tasks.
+As developers continue to explore Java's capabilities in these areas, it is likely that the language will evolve further to embrace new paradigms and methodologies.
 == See also ==
 * [[Java (programming language)]]
-* [[Java Virtual Machine]]
+* [[Java virtual machine]]
-* [[JavaScript]]
+* [[Java EE]]
 * [[Android (operating system)]]
-* [[Java EE]]
+* [[Java Development Kit]]
-* [[JavaFX]]
-* [[Java ME]]
 == References ==
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle Java Home]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle Java Official Site]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html Java SE Downloads]
+* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK Official Site]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/java-ee-glance.html Java EE Overview]
+* [https://www.java.com/en/download/ Java Download Page]
-* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK Community]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk10-archive-downloads.html JDK Archive Downloads]
+[[Category:Programming languages]]
+[[Category:Software]]
 [[Category:Java (programming language)]]
-[[Category:Programming languages]]
-[[Category:Computer science]]