Java: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:17, 6 July 2025

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s, Java has since gained significant popularity and is used for building a range of applications from mobile devices to large-scale enterprise systems. Its promise of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA)—meaning that code compiled in Java can run on any device that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)—has made it a preferred choice for developers around the globe.

History

Java's origins can be traced back to 1991 when a team led by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems set out to develop a programming language for embedded systems. Originally dubbed "Oak," the language was aimed at consumer electronics but evolved to become appropriate for a broader range of applications. The name was later changed to "Java" in 1995, inspired by Java coffee, as a tribute to the language developers’ love for coffee.

The first public release of Java occurred in May 1995, with the introduction of Java 1.0. This version provided foundational features such as applets, a basic graphical user interface (GUI), and the original Java Development Kit (JDK). At this time, the burgeoning internet was beginning to gain widespread use, and Java's emphasis on networked applications led to its early adoption for creating interactive web applications.

With further iterations, Java has undergone significant enhancements, resulting in major versions such as Java 2 in December 1998—introducing concepts such as the Swing API for building robust graphical interfaces and the Java Collections Framework. Subsequent releases, including Java 5 (2004) and Java 8 (2014), presented substantial improvements such as generics, annotations, and lambda expressions.

In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, thereby assuming stewardship of the Java programming language. Under Oracle’s management, Java has continued to evolve, with a focus on enhancing performance, security, and ease of use.

Architecture

Java's architecture is notable for its use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows compiled Java applications to run on any operating system with a compatible JVM implementation. This architecture consists of several key components.

Java Virtual Machine

The JVM is an abstract computing machine that enables a computer to run Java bytecode. It is the execution engine of Java, and it serves as the intermediary between Java applications and the underlying operating system. The JVM provides platform independence by converting Java bytecode into native machine code specific to the host system, allowing Java applications to execute on various devices without modification.

Java Runtime Environment

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a superset of the JVM and provides the necessary libraries and components required to run Java applications. It consists of the JVM, core libraries, and other components that enable the execution of Java applications. End-users typically interact with the JRE when running Java applications, as it allows them to execute Java programs without needing the complete Java Development Kit (JDK).

Java Development Kit

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment used for developing Java applications. It includes the JRE, a set of development tools, and essential libraries. The JDK provides a wide range of commands for compiling, running, and debugging Java applications, making it a comprehensive toolkit for developers.

Platform Independence

Java's platform independence is a major selling point of the language. By compiling source code into bytecode, which can be executed on any system with a compatible JVM, Java allows for the seamless deployment of applications across various environments. This ability to run on multiple platforms has vastly contributed to Java's popularity in application development.

Implementation

Java is utilized in a vast array of application domains, from web development to mobile applications, enterprise software, and scientific computing. Below are some of the primary areas in which Java has found success.

Web Applications

Java is extensively used for building dynamic web applications. The Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE), provides a robust environment for developing large-scale, multi-tiered web applications. Java EE includes comprehensive APIs for building web services, servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), enabling developers to create secure and scalable applications.

Java's emphasis on security, multithreading, and portability makes it highly suitable for web-based environments. Frameworks such as Spring and Hibernate have further facilitated Java's adoption within web development by providing comprehensive libraries and tools that streamline the development process.

Mobile Applications

Java is also the primary programming language for the development of Android applications. Android, a mobile operating system developed by Google, relies on Java as its foundational language. Developers utilize Android Studio, which is based on the IntelliJ IDEA platform, to create Android applications using Java.

The integration of Java in mobile development has proven significant, as it allows developers to create rich user interfaces and engage in complex tasks across millions of devices operating on the Android platform.

Enterprise Applications

In the realm of enterprise software, Java is a leading language due to its scalability, reliability, and extensive ecosystem. Many enterprise applications are built using the Java EE stack, which includes several specifications for building large-scale applications. Java’s architectural patterns, coupled with its enterprise frameworks, streamline the development and deployment of mission-critical software.

Java also offers robust tools and frameworks for building microservices architecture, which is prevalent in modern enterprise solutions. Frameworks such as Spring Boot have gained traction for providing a rapid development environment for microservices while supporting REST and SOAP-based web services.

Scientific Computing

Java has established itself as a valuable asset in the scientific community. Due to its portability, large libraries, and object-oriented features, researchers and scientists employ Java for data analysis, simulations, and complex calculations. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math, JFreeChart, and Java Statistical Analysis Tool (JSAT) enrich Java’s ecosystem for scientific computing.

Real-world Examples

Java's broad applicability across various industries has resulted in numerous real-world implementations and success stories.

Financial Services

Java is widely adopted in the financial services industry due to its scalability and ability to handle high volumes of transactions. Major banking institutions and financial software providers utilize Java to build secure mission-critical applications for real-time trading, risk management, and compliance solutions.

For instance, the Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, and Credit Suisse are among financial institutions that depend on Java for their core banking systems, trading platforms, and financial analysis tools. Java’s robust security features, combined with its capabilities for processing large datasets, make it an ideal choice for this domain.

E-Commerce

Many e-commerce platforms leverage Java to build and maintain their architectures. Platforms such as Amazon and eBay utilize Java for backend operations, ensuring high availability and performance, while dealing with simultaneous transactions from millions of users.

Java enables e-commerce systems to scale dynamically as user demands fluctuate, accommodating additional users during peak seasons effortlessly. Furthermore, its extensive support for security features shapes the ability to perform secure online transactions and safeguard consumer data.

Gaming

The gaming industry has also embraced Java, especially for mobile and web-based game development. The Java Platform for Game Development includes various frameworks, libraries, and game engines that facilitate the creation of engaging gaming experiences.

Notable examples include the popular game "Minecraft," which is built on Java and offers a sandbox environment that allows players to explore an infinite world. Java’s performance, portability, and community support contribute to its status as a viable option for game developers.

Criticism and Limitations

While Java has considerable strengths, it is not without its criticisms and limitations.

Verbose Syntax

One of the frequently cited drawbacks of Java is its verbose syntax. Compared to languages like Python or JavaScript, the boilerplate code requirements in Java can lead to lengthy and less readable code. This verbosity may result in increased development time and effort, particularly for smaller applications.

Performance Issues

Despite improvements in performance through Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation and other enhancements, Java is sometimes criticized for being slower than compiled languages, such as C or C++. The presence of the JVM introduces a layer of abstraction that can affect performance, leading to concerns when developing applications that require high-speed execution.

Memory Consumption

Java applications tend to consume more memory compared to those written in other languages. The need for the JVM and garbage collection mechanisms could potentially lead to increased memory usage, which may pose challenges in resource-constrained environments, such as embedded systems.

Backward Compatibility and Bloat

The Java ecosystem has evolved through numerous versions, introducing new features while aiming to maintain backward compatibility. However, this legacy support has led to the perception of bloat within the language and its libraries. New developers may find the language's extensive array of libraries challenging to navigate, potentially complicating the learning process.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and is now maintained by Oracle Corporation. Java is one of the most commonly used programming languages in the world, renowned for its versatility, portability, and the ability to run on any system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
+'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s, Java has since gained significant popularity and is used for building a range of applications from mobile devices to large-scale enterprise systems. Its promise of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA)—meaning that code compiled in Java can run on any device that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)—has made it a preferred choice for developers around the globe.
 == History ==
-Java was created by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in 1991 as a part of the Green Project. Initially, it was intended for embedded consumer electronic products. In 1995, Sun Microsystems officially launched Java as a platform-independent language, which was a revolutionary concept at the time. The introduction of the slogan "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) highlighted Java's promise that code written in Java could run on any device that had a Java runtime environment.
+Java's origins can be traced back to 1991 when a team led by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems set out to develop a programming language for embedded systems. Originally dubbed "Oak," the language was aimed at consumer electronics but evolved to become appropriate for a broader range of applications. The name was later changed to "Java" in 1995, inspired by Java coffee, as a tribute to the language developers’ love for coffee.
-With the release of Java 1.0, the language was embraced by the web development community due to its applet capabilities that could be embedded in webpages. The late 1990s saw rapid growth in Java's popularity as enterprises adopted it for server-side programming for building complex applications that required high reliability and scalability.
+The first public release of Java occurred in May 1995, with the introduction of Java 1.0. This version provided foundational features such as applets, a basic graphical user interface (GUI), and the original Java Development Kit (JDK). At this time, the burgeoning internet was beginning to gain widespread use, and Java's emphasis on networked applications led to its early adoption for creating interactive web applications.
-Subsequent versions of Java added advanced features and libraries, significantly maturing the language. Key releases include Java 2 (1998), which introduced the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE), and Java 5 (2004), which added generics, metadata, and other features that enhanced developer productivity. In 2006, Sun opened the Java programming language and libraries under the GNU General Public License (GPL), allowing a wider community to participate in its development. In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, gaining stewardship over Java.
+With further iterations, Java has undergone significant enhancements, resulting in major versions such as Java 2 in December 1998—introducing concepts such as the Swing API for building robust graphical interfaces and the Java Collections Framework. Subsequent releases, including Java 5 (2004) and Java 8 (2014), presented substantial improvements such as generics, annotations, and lambda expressions.
+In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, thereby assuming stewardship of the Java programming language. Under Oracle’s management, Java has continued to evolve, with a focus on enhancing performance, security, and ease of use.
 == Architecture ==
-Java's architecture is built around a concept called the Java Platform. The core components of the Java Platform are the Java Development Kit (JDK), the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
+Java's architecture is notable for its use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows compiled Java applications to run on any operating system with a compatible JVM implementation. This architecture consists of several key components.
-=== Java Development Kit (JDK) ===
+=== Java Virtual Machine ===
-The JDK is a software development kit that provides developers with the tools necessary to create Java applications. It includes a compiler, an archiver, a documentation generator, and other tools needed for Java development. Additionally, the JDK contains the JRE, which is required for running Java programs.
+The JVM is an abstract computing machine that enables a computer to run Java bytecode. It is the execution engine of Java, and it serves as the intermediary between Java applications and the underlying operating system. The JVM provides platform independence by converting Java bytecode into native machine code specific to the host system, allowing Java applications to execute on various devices without modification.
-=== Java Runtime Environment (JRE) ===
+=== Java Runtime Environment ===
-The JRE is an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine that executes Java applications. It contains the Java class libraries and other components necessary for running Java applications but does not include development tools like the compiler. It provides a platform for running Java bytecode on various operating systems, ensuring that Java applications can be executed across different environments.
+The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a superset of the JVM and provides the necessary libraries and components required to run Java applications. It consists of the JVM, core libraries, and other components that enable the execution of Java applications. End-users typically interact with the JRE when running Java applications, as it allows them to execute Java programs without needing the complete Java Development Kit (JDK).
-=== Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
+=== Java Development Kit ===
-The JVM is a critical component of the Java platform that enables Java to be platform-independent. It abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, allowing Java applications to run on any device with a compatible JVM implementation. The JVM performs class loading, bytecode verification, and execution of Java bytecode, facilitating features such as garbage collection and dynamic loading of classes.
+The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment used for developing Java applications. It includes the JRE, a set of development tools, and essential libraries. The JDK provides a wide range of commands for compiling, running, and debugging Java applications, making it a comprehensive toolkit for developers.
-=== Portability and Platform Independence ===
+=== Platform Independence ===
-Java's design philosophy is rooted in platform independence and portability, which is achieved through its bytecode execution model. When a developer compiles Java source code, it is transformed into bytecode, an intermediate representation that can be executed on any JVM. This mechanism ensures that Java applications can be distributed and run on different software platforms without modification, provided that a suitable JVM is available.
+Java's platform independence is a major selling point of the language. By compiling source code into bytecode, which can be executed on any system with a compatible JVM, Java allows for the seamless deployment of applications across various environments. This ability to run on multiple platforms has vastly contributed to Java's popularity in application development.
-== Features ==
+== Implementation ==
-Java is known for a myriad of features that contribute to its popularity among developers.
+Java is utilized in a vast array of application domains, from web development to mobile applications, enterprise software, and scientific computing. Below are some of the primary areas in which Java has found success.
-=== Object-Oriented Programming ===
+=== Web Applications ===
-Java is inherently an object-oriented programming language, meaning it emphasizes encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Objects represent real-world entities and encapsulate data and behavior, making it easier to manage complex software systems. This focus on modularity promotes code reusability, making development more efficient.
+Java is extensively used for building dynamic web applications. The Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE), provides a robust environment for developing large-scale, multi-tiered web applications. Java EE includes comprehensive APIs for building web services, servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), enabling developers to create secure and scalable applications.
-=== Automatic Memory Management ===
+Java's emphasis on security, multithreading, and portability makes it highly suitable for web-based environments. Frameworks such as Spring and Hibernate have further facilitated Java's adoption within web development by providing comprehensive libraries and tools that streamline the development process.
-Java features an automatic garbage collection mechanism that manages memory allocation and deallocation. Developers do not need to explicitly free memory, as the JVM automatically identifies and removes objects that are no longer needed. This significantly reduces the risk of memory leaks and other issues associated with manual memory management.
+=== Mobile Applications ===
-=== Rich Standard Libraries ===
+Java is also the primary programming language for the development of Android applications. Android, a mobile operating system developed by Google, relies on Java as its foundational language. Developers utilize Android Studio, which is based on the IntelliJ IDEA platform, to create Android applications using Java.
-Java comes with an extensive collection of standard libraries, known as the Java API (Application Programming Interface). These libraries provide pre-written code to perform common tasks such as data structure manipulation, file I/O, networking, graphical user interface (GUI) development, and more. The availability of these libraries accelerates development times and enhances productivity.
+The integration of Java in mobile development has proven significant, as it allows developers to create rich user interfaces and engage in complex tasks across millions of devices operating on the Android platform.
-=== Multithreading Support ===
+=== Enterprise Applications ===
-Java provides built-in support for multithreading, allowing developers to create applications that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously. This feature is crucial for building responsive applications, especially in modern environments where performance and user experience are paramount. By enabling concurrent execution of threads, Java applications can take full advantage of multi-core processors.
+In the realm of enterprise software, Java is a leading language due to its scalability, reliability, and extensive ecosystem. Many enterprise applications are built using the Java EE stack, which includes several specifications for building large-scale applications. Java’s architectural patterns, coupled with its enterprise frameworks, streamline the development and deployment of mission-critical software.
-=== Security Features ===
+Java also offers robust tools and frameworks for building microservices architecture, which is prevalent in modern enterprise solutions. Frameworks such as Spring Boot have gained traction for providing a rapid development environment for microservices while supporting REST and SOAP-based web services.
-Java has several integrated security features, including a robust security manager that governs access to resources, bytecode verification that ensures the integrity of code, and an extensive set of APIs that facilitate secure communications, encryption, and data protection. These features make it a favored choice for networked and web-based applications, where security is a primary concern.
+=== Scientific Computing ===
-=== Platform Independence ===
+Java has established itself as a valuable asset in the scientific community. Due to its portability, large libraries, and object-oriented features, researchers and scientists employ Java for data analysis, simulations, and complex calculations. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math, JFreeChart, and Java Statistical Analysis Tool (JSAT) enrich Java’s ecosystem for scientific computing.
-The ability to run Java applications on any device with a JVM is one of the most significant features of the language. This portability is achieved by abstracting the underlying operating system and hardware, allowing applications to maintain consistency across different environments.
+== Real-world Examples ==
-== Implementation and Applications ==
+Java's broad applicability across various industries has resulted in numerous real-world implementations and success stories.
-Java is widely used in various domains, including web development, mobile applications, enterprise software, and big data technologies.
-=== Web Development ===
-Java is prevalent in web development through technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and frameworks like Spring and JavaServer Faces (JSF). These technologies enable developers to build dynamic, robust web applications that can handle high traffic and complex user interactions. With the rise of microservices architecture, Java's scalability and support for RESTful services have further solidified its role in this domain.
-=== Mobile Applications ===
-Java has a significant presence in mobile development, particularly through the Android platform. Android applications are primarily developed using Java, utilizing the Android API. This allows developers to create versatile applications that run on a myriad of devices, enabling Java's reach in the mobile ecosystem.
+=== Financial Services ===
-=== Enterprise Applications ===
+Java is widely adopted in the financial services industry due to its scalability and ability to handle high volumes of transactions. Major banking institutions and financial software providers utilize Java to build secure mission-critical applications for real-time trading, risk management, and compliance solutions.
-Java is extensively utilized in enterprise environments for building large-scale applications that require reliability, scalability, and maintainability. Technologies such as Jakarta EE (formerly Java EE) provide a robust framework for developing enterprise-level applications, promoting best practices and components that facilitate integration with legacy systems.
+For instance, the Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, and Credit Suisse are among financial institutions that depend on Java for their core banking systems, trading platforms, and financial analysis tools. Java’s robust security features, combined with its capabilities for processing large datasets, make it an ideal choice for this domain.
-=== Cloud Computing ===
+=== E-Commerce ===
-With the growth of cloud computing, Java has adapted and become a prominent language for cloud-based applications. Its compatibility with various cloud service models and infrastructure-as-a-service platforms makes it a favorable choice for developers looking to create scalable and secure cloud applications.
+Many e-commerce platforms leverage Java to build and maintain their architectures. Platforms such as Amazon and eBay utilize Java for backend operations, ensuring high availability and performance, while dealing with simultaneous transactions from millions of users.
-=== Big Data Technologies ===
+Java enables e-commerce systems to scale dynamically as user demands fluctuate, accommodating additional users during peak seasons effortlessly. Furthermore, its extensive support for security features shapes the ability to perform secure online transactions and safeguard consumer data.
-Java's versatility extends to big data technologies and frameworks, where it plays a vital role in data processing and analytics. Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark, two well-known big data frameworks, are primarily built using Java. This signifies Java's importance in handling, processing, and analyzing vast amounts of data across distributed systems.
+=== Gaming ===
-=== Scientific Computing ===
+The gaming industry has also embraced Java, especially for mobile and web-based game development. The Java Platform for Game Development includes various frameworks, libraries, and game engines that facilitate the creation of engaging gaming experiences.
-Java also finds its application in scientific computing and research domains, where its stability and cross-platform capabilities make it suitable for developing simulation software, computational tools, and data analysis applications. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart facilitate computations and visualizations for scientific purposes.
+Notable examples include the popular game "Minecraft," which is built on Java and offers a sandbox environment that allows players to explore an infinite world. Java’s performance, portability, and community support contribute to its status as a viable option for game developers.
 == Criticism and Limitations ==
-Despite its widespread use, Java has faced criticism and certain limitations that have sparked debates within the programming community.
+While Java has considerable strengths, it is not without its criticisms and limitations.
-=== Performance Concerns ===
+=== Verbose Syntax ===
-One of the primary criticisms of Java is its performance compared to languages such as C and C++. The abstraction layer provided by the JVM introduces overhead, which can lead to slower execution times. Although modern performance optimization techniques and Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation strategies have significantly improved Java's speed, it can still fall short in scenarios requiring high-performance computing.
+One of the frequently cited drawbacks of Java is its verbose syntax. Compared to languages like Python or JavaScript, the boilerplate code requirements in Java can lead to lengthy and less readable code. This verbosity may result in increased development time and effort, particularly for smaller applications.
-=== Verbose Syntax ===
+=== Performance Issues ===
-Java is often perceived as verbose, with its syntax requiring more lines of code to accomplish tasks compared to newer languages like Python or Kotlin. This verbosity can lead to increased development times and more boilerplate code, which some developers find cumbersome and less elegant.
+Despite improvements in performance through Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation and other enhancements, Java is sometimes criticized for being slower than compiled languages, such as C or C++. The presence of the JVM introduces a layer of abstraction that can affect performance, leading to concerns when developing applications that require high-speed execution.
 === Memory Consumption ===
-Java applications tend to consume more memory than those developed in languages like C or C++. The JVM's overhead, comprehensive libraries, and automatic memory management contribute to higher memory consumption, which may be a concern in resource-constrained environments.
+Java applications tend to consume more memory compared to those written in other languages. The need for the JVM and garbage collection mechanisms could potentially lead to increased memory usage, which may pose challenges in resource-constrained environments, such as embedded systems.
-=== Backward Compatibility Issues ===
-While Java emphasizes backward compatibility, there have been instances where newer versions introduced changes that could break functionality in older applications. Developers must often weigh the benefits of newer features against the potential impact on legacy systems.
-=== Fragmentation in Ecosystem ===
-The Java ecosystem consists of numerous frameworks, libraries, and tools. While this diversity promotes innovation, it can lead to fragmentation, where an abundance of choices complicates development decisions. Developers may grapple with selecting the most suitable frameworks and libraries for their specific use cases.
-=== Legal and Licensing Issues ===
-Java's stewardship under Oracle has led to several legal controversies and licensing disputes, particularly concerning the use of Java in certain environments. These legal challenges have stirred discussions regarding the future of Java within the open-source community and the broader implications for developers relying on its ecosystem.
-== Future Prospects ==
-The future of Java appears optimistic, with ongoing development efforts and a continuous evolution of its capabilities. Community-driven projects, such as OpenJDK, and the establishment of Java’s long-term support (LTS) releases signify commitment to maintaining Java's relevance in an ever-changing technological landscape.
+=== Backward Compatibility and Bloat ===
-The introduction of features related to modularity, improved performance metrics, and integration with emerging technologies like cloud computing, microservices, and artificial intelligence are key to ensuring Java's adaptability. With a strong community of developers, educational resources, and enterprise adoption, Java is poised to remain a cornerstone of modern software development practices.
+The Java ecosystem has evolved through numerous versions, introducing new features while aiming to maintain backward compatibility. However, this legacy support has led to the perception of bloat within the language and its libraries. New developers may find the language's extensive array of libraries challenging to navigate, potentially complicating the learning process.
-== See also ==
+== See Also ==
-* [[List of Java frameworks]]
+* [[Java Development Kit|JDK]]
-* [[Java Runtime Environment]]
+* [[Java Runtime Environment|JRE]]
-* [[Java Development Kit]]
+* [[Java Virtual Machine|JVM]]
-* [[Java Virtual Machine]]
+* [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
-* [[List of Java programming concepts]]
+* [[Java EE]]
-* [[Java Community Process]]
+* [[Spring Framework]]
+* [[Microservices]]
 == References ==
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle's Java Official Website]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Java Official Site]
-* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK Community]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk8-docs-downloads.html JDK 8 Documentation]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/javase-jdk8-downloads.html Java SE Development Kit Downloads]
+* [https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/ Java SE 8 Documentation]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk11-archive-downloads.html Java SE 11 Downloads]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk11-docs-downloads.html JDK 11 Documentation]
-* [https://java.com/en/ Java Official Site]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk17-docs-downloads.html JDK 17 Documentation]
-[[Category:Java (programming language)]]
 [[Category:Programming languages]]
-[[Category:Computer programming]]
+[[Category:Software]]
+[[Category:Computer science]]