Java: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:17, 6 July 2025

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and is now maintained by Oracle Corporation. Java is one of the most commonly used programming languages in the world, renowned for its versatility, portability, and the ability to run on any system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

History

Java was created by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in 1991 as a part of the Green Project. Initially, it was intended for embedded consumer electronic products. In 1995, Sun Microsystems officially launched Java as a platform-independent language, which was a revolutionary concept at the time. The introduction of the slogan "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) highlighted Java's promise that code written in Java could run on any device that had a Java runtime environment.

With the release of Java 1.0, the language was embraced by the web development community due to its applet capabilities that could be embedded in webpages. The late 1990s saw rapid growth in Java's popularity as enterprises adopted it for server-side programming for building complex applications that required high reliability and scalability.

Subsequent versions of Java added advanced features and libraries, significantly maturing the language. Key releases include Java 2 (1998), which introduced the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE), and Java 5 (2004), which added generics, metadata, and other features that enhanced developer productivity. In 2006, Sun opened the Java programming language and libraries under the GNU General Public License (GPL), allowing a wider community to participate in its development. In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, gaining stewardship over Java.

Architecture

Java's architecture is built around a concept called the Java Platform. The core components of the Java Platform are the Java Development Kit (JDK), the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Java Development Kit (JDK)

The JDK is a software development kit that provides developers with the tools necessary to create Java applications. It includes a compiler, an archiver, a documentation generator, and other tools needed for Java development. Additionally, the JDK contains the JRE, which is required for running Java programs.

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

The JRE is an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine that executes Java applications. It contains the Java class libraries and other components necessary for running Java applications but does not include development tools like the compiler. It provides a platform for running Java bytecode on various operating systems, ensuring that Java applications can be executed across different environments.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

The JVM is a critical component of the Java platform that enables Java to be platform-independent. It abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, allowing Java applications to run on any device with a compatible JVM implementation. The JVM performs class loading, bytecode verification, and execution of Java bytecode, facilitating features such as garbage collection and dynamic loading of classes.

Portability and Platform Independence

Java's design philosophy is rooted in platform independence and portability, which is achieved through its bytecode execution model. When a developer compiles Java source code, it is transformed into bytecode, an intermediate representation that can be executed on any JVM. This mechanism ensures that Java applications can be distributed and run on different software platforms without modification, provided that a suitable JVM is available.

Features

Java is known for a myriad of features that contribute to its popularity among developers.

Object-Oriented Programming

Java is inherently an object-oriented programming language, meaning it emphasizes encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Objects represent real-world entities and encapsulate data and behavior, making it easier to manage complex software systems. This focus on modularity promotes code reusability, making development more efficient.

Automatic Memory Management

Java features an automatic garbage collection mechanism that manages memory allocation and deallocation. Developers do not need to explicitly free memory, as the JVM automatically identifies and removes objects that are no longer needed. This significantly reduces the risk of memory leaks and other issues associated with manual memory management.

Rich Standard Libraries

Java comes with an extensive collection of standard libraries, known as the Java API (Application Programming Interface). These libraries provide pre-written code to perform common tasks such as data structure manipulation, file I/O, networking, graphical user interface (GUI) development, and more. The availability of these libraries accelerates development times and enhances productivity.

Multithreading Support

Java provides built-in support for multithreading, allowing developers to create applications that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously. This feature is crucial for building responsive applications, especially in modern environments where performance and user experience are paramount. By enabling concurrent execution of threads, Java applications can take full advantage of multi-core processors.

Security Features

Java has several integrated security features, including a robust security manager that governs access to resources, bytecode verification that ensures the integrity of code, and an extensive set of APIs that facilitate secure communications, encryption, and data protection. These features make it a favored choice for networked and web-based applications, where security is a primary concern.

Platform Independence

The ability to run Java applications on any device with a JVM is one of the most significant features of the language. This portability is achieved by abstracting the underlying operating system and hardware, allowing applications to maintain consistency across different environments.

Implementation and Applications

Java is widely used in various domains, including web development, mobile applications, enterprise software, and big data technologies.

Web Development

Java is prevalent in web development through technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and frameworks like Spring and JavaServer Faces (JSF). These technologies enable developers to build dynamic, robust web applications that can handle high traffic and complex user interactions. With the rise of microservices architecture, Java's scalability and support for RESTful services have further solidified its role in this domain.

Mobile Applications

Java has a significant presence in mobile development, particularly through the Android platform. Android applications are primarily developed using Java, utilizing the Android API. This allows developers to create versatile applications that run on a myriad of devices, enabling Java's reach in the mobile ecosystem.

Enterprise Applications

Java is extensively utilized in enterprise environments for building large-scale applications that require reliability, scalability, and maintainability. Technologies such as Jakarta EE (formerly Java EE) provide a robust framework for developing enterprise-level applications, promoting best practices and components that facilitate integration with legacy systems.

Cloud Computing

With the growth of cloud computing, Java has adapted and become a prominent language for cloud-based applications. Its compatibility with various cloud service models and infrastructure-as-a-service platforms makes it a favorable choice for developers looking to create scalable and secure cloud applications.

Big Data Technologies

Java's versatility extends to big data technologies and frameworks, where it plays a vital role in data processing and analytics. Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark, two well-known big data frameworks, are primarily built using Java. This signifies Java's importance in handling, processing, and analyzing vast amounts of data across distributed systems.

Scientific Computing

Java also finds its application in scientific computing and research domains, where its stability and cross-platform capabilities make it suitable for developing simulation software, computational tools, and data analysis applications. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart facilitate computations and visualizations for scientific purposes.

Criticism and Limitations

Despite its widespread use, Java has faced criticism and certain limitations that have sparked debates within the programming community.

Performance Concerns

One of the primary criticisms of Java is its performance compared to languages such as C and C++. The abstraction layer provided by the JVM introduces overhead, which can lead to slower execution times. Although modern performance optimization techniques and Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation strategies have significantly improved Java's speed, it can still fall short in scenarios requiring high-performance computing.

Verbose Syntax

Java is often perceived as verbose, with its syntax requiring more lines of code to accomplish tasks compared to newer languages like Python or Kotlin. This verbosity can lead to increased development times and more boilerplate code, which some developers find cumbersome and less elegant.

Memory Consumption

Java applications tend to consume more memory than those developed in languages like C or C++. The JVM's overhead, comprehensive libraries, and automatic memory management contribute to higher memory consumption, which may be a concern in resource-constrained environments.

Backward Compatibility Issues

While Java emphasizes backward compatibility, there have been instances where newer versions introduced changes that could break functionality in older applications. Developers must often weigh the benefits of newer features against the potential impact on legacy systems.

Fragmentation in Ecosystem

The Java ecosystem consists of numerous frameworks, libraries, and tools. While this diversity promotes innovation, it can lead to fragmentation, where an abundance of choices complicates development decisions. Developers may grapple with selecting the most suitable frameworks and libraries for their specific use cases.

Legal and Licensing Issues

Java's stewardship under Oracle has led to several legal controversies and licensing disputes, particularly concerning the use of Java in certain environments. These legal challenges have stirred discussions regarding the future of Java within the open-source community and the broader implications for developers relying on its ecosystem.

Future Prospects

The future of Java appears optimistic, with ongoing development efforts and a continuous evolution of its capabilities. Community-driven projects, such as OpenJDK, and the establishment of Java’s long-term support (LTS) releases signify commitment to maintaining Java's relevance in an ever-changing technological landscape.

The introduction of features related to modularity, improved performance metrics, and integration with emerging technologies like cloud computing, microservices, and artificial intelligence are key to ensuring Java's adaptability. With a strong community of developers, educational resources, and enterprise adoption, Java is poised to remain a cornerstone of modern software development practices.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems, released in 1995, and has since become one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. Java's design is rooted in the principle of "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that code written in Java can run on any platform that supports Java without the need for recompilation. This is made possible by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java programs to be executed on any device equipped with it.
+'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and is now maintained by Oracle Corporation. Java is one of the most commonly used programming languages in the world, renowned for its versatility, portability, and the ability to run on any system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 == History ==
-The genesis of Java dates back to the early 1990s when a group of Sun Microsystems engineers, led by James Gosling, set out to develop a programming language for consumer electronics. This project was originally called the “Green Project.” The language they developed was called Oak, named after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. However, as the technology evolved and the Internet began to flourish, the focus of the project shifted towards creating a language that could be used on the web.
-In 1995, Oak was renamed Java, and it was introduced to the public alongside the first version of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The initial design promoted the idea of portability across different operating systems, allowing Java applications to run on any hardware or operating system that supported the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).
+Java was created by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in 1991 as a part of the Green Project. Initially, it was intended for embedded consumer electronic products. In 1995, Sun Microsystems officially launched Java as a platform-independent language, which was a revolutionary concept at the time. The introduction of the slogan "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) highlighted Java's promise that code written in Java could run on any device that had a Java runtime environment.
-In 1996, Sun Microsystems released Java 1.0, marking the official entry of Java into the programming world. The early success of Java was boosted by its use in web technologies. The introduction of Java applets enabled interactive features on web pages, which played a significant role in the language's popularity during the late 1990s.
+With the release of Java 1.0, the language was embraced by the web development community due to its applet capabilities that could be embedded in webpages. The late 1990s saw rapid growth in Java's popularity as enterprises adopted it for server-side programming for building complex applications that required high reliability and scalability.
-The release of Java 2 in 1998 saw significant enhancements, including the introduction of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC), the Swing graphical user interface toolkit, and the Collections Framework. Subsequent versions continued to add features and improve performance, with Java 5 (released in 2004) introducing generics, metadata, and enumeration.
+Subsequent versions of Java added advanced features and libraries, significantly maturing the language. Key releases include Java 2 (1998), which introduced the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE), and Java 5 (2004), which added generics, metadata, and other features that enhanced developer productivity. In 2006, Sun opened the Java programming language and libraries under the GNU General Public License (GPL), allowing a wider community to participate in its development. In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, gaining stewardship over Java.
-In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, and with it control over Java. Oracle has since continued to develop Java, introducing new features in subsequent versions. Today, the language is governed under the Java Community Process (JCP), which allows for community involvement in its evolution.
+== Architecture ==
+Java's architecture is built around a concept called the Java Platform. The core components of the Java Platform are the Java Development Kit (JDK), the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
+=== Java Development Kit (JDK) ===
-== Architecture ==
+The JDK is a software development kit that provides developers with the tools necessary to create Java applications. It includes a compiler, an archiver, a documentation generator, and other tools needed for Java development. Additionally, the JDK contains the JRE, which is required for running Java programs.
-Java's architecture is based on a three-tier model, which consists of the following components: the application layer, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Each of these components plays a crucial role in Java's functionality and portability.
+=== Java Runtime Environment (JRE) ===
-=== Application Layer ===
+The JRE is an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine that executes Java applications. It contains the Java class libraries and other components necessary for running Java applications but does not include development tools like the compiler. It provides a platform for running Java bytecode on various operating systems, ensuring that Java applications can be executed across different environments.
-The application layer is where Java applications reside. These applications can be simple command-line programs, complex server-based applications, or even mobile applications. Java's syntax is similar to C and C++, which makes it more accessible to programmers familiar with those languages. Java supports numerous programming paradigms, including object-oriented programming (OOP), which focuses on using objects to represent real-world entities.
 === Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
-The JVM is the cornerstone of Java's portability. It acts as an interpreter between Java bytecode and the underlying operating system. When a Java program is compiled, it is translated into an intermediate form known as bytecode. This bytecode is platform-independent and can be executed on any system equipped with a JVM. The JVM is responsible for converting bytecode into machine code, managing memory allocation, and providing security through its class loader and bytecode verifier.
-=== Java Development Kit (JDK) ===
+The JVM is a critical component of the Java platform that enables Java to be platform-independent. It abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, allowing Java applications to run on any device with a compatible JVM implementation. The JVM performs class loading, bytecode verification, and execution of Java bytecode, facilitating features such as garbage collection and dynamic loading of classes.
-The JDK is a comprehensive software development kit that enables developers to create, compile, and run Java applications. It includes essential tools such as the Java compiler (javac), libraries, and documentation. Java also comes with an integrated development environment (IDE) support, making it easier for developers to write, debug, and deploy their applications. Popular IDEs such as Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, and NetBeans offer diverse features tailored for Java development.
+=== Portability and Platform Independence ===
+Java's design philosophy is rooted in platform independence and portability, which is achieved through its bytecode execution model. When a developer compiles Java source code, it is transformed into bytecode, an intermediate representation that can be executed on any JVM. This mechanism ensures that Java applications can be distributed and run on different software platforms without modification, provided that a suitable JVM is available.
+== Features ==
+Java is known for a myriad of features that contribute to its popularity among developers.
+=== Object-Oriented Programming ===
+Java is inherently an object-oriented programming language, meaning it emphasizes encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Objects represent real-world entities and encapsulate data and behavior, making it easier to manage complex software systems. This focus on modularity promotes code reusability, making development more efficient.
+=== Automatic Memory Management ===
+Java features an automatic garbage collection mechanism that manages memory allocation and deallocation. Developers do not need to explicitly free memory, as the JVM automatically identifies and removes objects that are no longer needed. This significantly reduces the risk of memory leaks and other issues associated with manual memory management.
+=== Rich Standard Libraries ===
+Java comes with an extensive collection of standard libraries, known as the Java API (Application Programming Interface). These libraries provide pre-written code to perform common tasks such as data structure manipulation, file I/O, networking, graphical user interface (GUI) development, and more. The availability of these libraries accelerates development times and enhances productivity.
+=== Multithreading Support ===
+Java provides built-in support for multithreading, allowing developers to create applications that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously. This feature is crucial for building responsive applications, especially in modern environments where performance and user experience are paramount. By enabling concurrent execution of threads, Java applications can take full advantage of multi-core processors.
+=== Security Features ===
+Java has several integrated security features, including a robust security manager that governs access to resources, bytecode verification that ensures the integrity of code, and an extensive set of APIs that facilitate secure communications, encryption, and data protection. These features make it a favored choice for networked and web-based applications, where security is a primary concern.
+=== Platform Independence ===
+The ability to run Java applications on any device with a JVM is one of the most significant features of the language. This portability is achieved by abstracting the underlying operating system and hardware, allowing applications to maintain consistency across different environments.
+== Implementation and Applications ==
-== Implementation ==
+Java is widely used in various domains, including web development, mobile applications, enterprise software, and big data technologies.
-Java has a rich environment for implementation, allowing its use in various domains, including web development, mobile applications, enterprise solutions, cloud computing, and embedded systems. This versatility contributes to Java's enduring popularity among developers and organizations.
 === Web Development ===
-Java is commonly used for building dynamic web applications through frameworks such as JavaServer Faces (JSF), Spring, and Hibernate. These frameworks facilitate the development of enterprise-level applications by providing reusable components, simplifying database interactions, and supporting the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern.
-Servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) are essential components for creating server-side web applications. Servlets act as intermediaries between clients and server resources, while JSP allows developers to embed Java code within HTML pages. Together, they enable the creation of robust web applications that can efficiently process client requests.
+Java is prevalent in web development through technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and frameworks like Spring and JavaServer Faces (JSF). These technologies enable developers to build dynamic, robust web applications that can handle high traffic and complex user interactions. With the rise of microservices architecture, Java's scalability and support for RESTful services have further solidified its role in this domain.
 === Mobile Applications ===
-Java is a dominant force in the mobile application development landscape through the Android operating system. Android applications are primarily written in Java, employing the Android SDK (Software Development Kit) to utilize platform-specific APIs and components. The development of mobile applications with Java benefits from a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks that enhance functionality and user experience.
-=== Enterprise Solutions ===
+Java has a significant presence in mobile development, particularly through the Android platform. Android applications are primarily developed using Java, utilizing the Android API. This allows developers to create versatile applications that run on a myriad of devices, enabling Java's reach in the mobile ecosystem.
-Java is extensively employed in enterprise environments through Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), now known as Jakarta EE. Java EE provides a set of specifications and services that facilitate the development of multi-tiered, distributed applications. Key components of Java EE include Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), Java Message Service (JMS), and Java Persistence API (JPA). These components allow developers to build scalable, reliable, and secure applications for business needs.
+=== Enterprise Applications ===
+Java is extensively utilized in enterprise environments for building large-scale applications that require reliability, scalability, and maintainability. Technologies such as Jakarta EE (formerly Java EE) provide a robust framework for developing enterprise-level applications, promoting best practices and components that facilitate integration with legacy systems.
 === Cloud Computing ===
-With the advent of cloud computing, Java has also found a place in the development of cloud-based applications. Java offers compatibility and integration with major cloud service providers, enabling developers to create robust applications that leverage cloud infrastructure. Frameworks such as Spring Cloud provide tools for building microservices, allowing for scalable, cloud-native application architectures.
-=== Embedded Systems ===
+With the growth of cloud computing, Java has adapted and become a prominent language for cloud-based applications. Its compatibility with various cloud service models and infrastructure-as-a-service platforms makes it a favorable choice for developers looking to create scalable and secure cloud applications.
-Java is increasingly being adopted in embedded systems, where resource-constrained devices require efficient, flexible applications. The Java ME (Micro Edition) platform is tailored for developing applications in embedded devices, providing a lightweight runtime environment. This suitability has led to its implementation in various devices, including smart cards, IoT devices, and consumer electronics.
+=== Big Data Technologies ===
-== Real-world Examples ==
+Java's versatility extends to big data technologies and frameworks, where it plays a vital role in data processing and analytics. Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark, two well-known big data frameworks, are primarily built using Java. This signifies Java's importance in handling, processing, and analyzing vast amounts of data across distributed systems.
-Java's versatility has given rise to a multitude of practical applications across various industries. Its presence is felt in both large-scale enterprise applications and everyday consumer products.
-=== Financial Services ===
+=== Scientific Computing ===
-The financial services industry extensively relies on Java for building secure and scalable applications. Major banks and financial institutions utilize Java to develop trading platforms, risk management systems, and customer-facing applications. Java's multithreading capabilities and robustness make it well-suited for applications that require real-time processing and high availability.
-=== E-commerce Platforms ===
+Java also finds its application in scientific computing and research domains, where its stability and cross-platform capabilities make it suitable for developing simulation software, computational tools, and data analysis applications. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart facilitate computations and visualizations for scientific purposes.
-Many e-commerce platforms leverage Java's capabilities to support large user bases and complex transactions. Technologies such as Spring and Hibernate are often used to build back-end systems that handle inventory management, payment processing, and user interaction. Java's ability to integrate with various databases and support concurrency is crucial for maintaining stability during peak shopping seasons.
-=== Social Media Platforms ===
+== Criticism and Limitations ==
-Social media applications often utilize Java for back-end services, including handling user authentication, data storage, and content delivery. Java's scalability allows social media platforms to manage millions of concurrent users, ensuring a smooth experience regardless of traffic surges.
-=== Scientific Applications ===
+Despite its widespread use, Java has faced criticism and certain limitations that have sparked debates within the programming community.
-Java is used in various scientific applications for data processing, simulation, and visualization. The language's ability to handle complex calculations and large datasets makes it suitable for developing software used in research and academic environments. Java libraries such as Apache Commons Math and JScience provide tools for mathematical computations and scientific analysis.
-== Criticism and Limitations ==
+=== Performance Concerns ===
-Despite its many advantages, Java is not without its criticisms and limitations. Several aspects have raised concerns among developers and industry professionals.
-=== Performance Overhead ===
+One of the primary criticisms of Java is its performance compared to languages such as C and C++. The abstraction layer provided by the JVM introduces overhead, which can lead to slower execution times. Although modern performance optimization techniques and Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation strategies have significantly improved Java's speed, it can still fall short in scenarios requiring high-performance computing.
-Java's architecture entails a degree of performance overhead compared to natively compiled languages like C and C++. The necessity of running on the JVM introduces additional processing, which can be a drawback in performance-critical applications. However, advancements in Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation have significantly improved the execution speed of Java applications.
 === Verbose Syntax ===
-Java is often criticized for its verbose syntax, which can lead to lengthy code compared to more concise languages like Python or Ruby. This verbosity can make Java code more cumbersome to read and write, particularly for simple tasks. Some developers argue that the added boilerplate code detracts from productivity and readability.
-=== Backward Compatibility Concerns ===
+Java is often perceived as verbose, with its syntax requiring more lines of code to accomplish tasks compared to newer languages like Python or Kotlin. This verbosity can lead to increased development times and more boilerplate code, which some developers find cumbersome and less elegant.
-The commitment to backward compatibility, while beneficial in many respects, can sometimes hinder technological evolution. As older features remain in the language, they may contribute to bloat and complicate learning for new developers. These legacy features might also impact the performance of modern applications, as developers navigate the intricacies of long-standing language constructs.
+=== Memory Consumption ===
+Java applications tend to consume more memory than those developed in languages like C or C++. The JVM's overhead, comprehensive libraries, and automatic memory management contribute to higher memory consumption, which may be a concern in resource-constrained environments.
+=== Backward Compatibility Issues ===
+While Java emphasizes backward compatibility, there have been instances where newer versions introduced changes that could break functionality in older applications. Developers must often weigh the benefits of newer features against the potential impact on legacy systems.
+=== Fragmentation in Ecosystem ===
+The Java ecosystem consists of numerous frameworks, libraries, and tools. While this diversity promotes innovation, it can lead to fragmentation, where an abundance of choices complicates development decisions. Developers may grapple with selecting the most suitable frameworks and libraries for their specific use cases.
+=== Legal and Licensing Issues ===
+Java's stewardship under Oracle has led to several legal controversies and licensing disputes, particularly concerning the use of Java in certain environments. These legal challenges have stirred discussions regarding the future of Java within the open-source community and the broader implications for developers relying on its ecosystem.
-=== Fragmentation in Libraries and Frameworks ===
+== Future Prospects ==
-With the expansive ecosystem of libraries and frameworks available for Java, developers can face fragmentation issues. Different libraries may implement similar functionalities but possess varied usage patterns and compatibility requirements. This variety can create a steeper learning curve for developers and lead to challenges in integrating disparate components of an application.
-== See Also ==
+The future of Java appears optimistic, with ongoing development efforts and a continuous evolution of its capabilities. Community-driven projects, such as OpenJDK, and the establishment of Java’s long-term support (LTS) releases signify commitment to maintaining Java's relevance in an ever-changing technological landscape.
-* [[Java (programming language)]]
-* [[Java SE]]
+The introduction of features related to modularity, improved performance metrics, and integration with emerging technologies like cloud computing, microservices, and artificial intelligence are key to ensuring Java's adaptability. With a strong community of developers, educational resources, and enterprise adoption, Java is poised to remain a cornerstone of modern software development practices.
-* [[Java EE]]
-* [[Java ME]]
+== See also ==
+* [[List of Java frameworks]]
+* [[Java Runtime Environment]]
+* [[Java Development Kit]]
 * [[Java Virtual Machine]]
-* [[List of Java frameworks]]
+* [[List of Java programming concepts]]
+* [[Java Community Process]]
 == References ==
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Official Oracle Java website]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle's Java Official Website]
-* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK - the open source implementation of the Java Platform]
+* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK Community]
-* [https://www.javaspecialists.eu/ Java Specialists - community and resource site]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/javase-jdk8-downloads.html Java SE Development Kit Downloads]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk11-archive-downloads.html Java SE 11 Downloads]
+* [https://java.com/en/ Java Official Site]
 [[Category:Java (programming language)]]
 [[Category:Programming languages]]
 [[Category:Computer programming]]