Cloud Computing: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:51, 6 July 2025

Cloud Computing is a transformative model that enables ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). This paradigm shift allows for efficient management of resources, scalable solutions, and reduced operational costs across various industries. As a foundational technology, cloud computing has become integral to modern computing infrastructures, influencing how organizations develop, deploy, and manage software and services.

History

The concept of cloud computing traces its origins back several decades. The term itself began to gain traction in the early 2000s, but its roots can be found in earlier technologies.

Early Developments

The groundwork for cloud computing can be traced back to the 1960s with the introduction of time-sharing systems, which allowed multiple users to access a central computer simultaneously. This concept evolved with advancements in networking and virtualization technologies throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The establishment of the ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet, further facilitated remote access to computing resources.

Commercialization and the Emergence of Cloud Services

By the late 1990s, companies like Salesforce began offering software as a service (SaaS), marking an important milestone in the commercialization of cloud technologies. The phrase "cloud computing" was first coined around 2006, coinciding with significant investments in data centers and infrastructure by tech giants such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. Amazon's launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006 is often considered a pivotal moment in the cloud computing landscape, transitioning from traditional IT models to pay-as-you-go cloud services.

Architecture

Cloud computing is characterized by its layered architecture, which is typically divided into three primary service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). These models define the different levels of abstraction offered by cloud providers and cater to distinct user needs.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent IT infrastructure such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, allowing them to deploy and manage operating systems and applications. IaaS is particularly useful for businesses looking to avoid the costs and overhead associated with maintaining physical hardware. Notable providers of IaaS include AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS offers cloud components to users for application development without the complexities of managing the underlying infrastructure. Developers can build applications using the tools and services provided by the PaaS platform, including databases, middleware, and development frameworks. This model supports collaboration among development teams and accelerates the deployment of applications. Key PaaS providers include Heroku, Google App Engine, and Red Hat OpenShift.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Instead of installing software on local computers, users access applications through web browsers. This model reduces the need for internal IT resources, simplifies maintenance, and allows for easy updates and scalability. Prominent examples of SaaS include Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365, and Google Workspace.

Implementation

The implementation of cloud computing requires an understanding of various models and a strategic approach to integration within an organization. Factors such as data security, compliance, and performance should inform the deployment strategy.

Migration Strategies

Organizations looking to migrate to cloud computing can adopt several strategies. The "lift-and-shift" approach involves transferring applications and workloads as they are from on-premises environments to the cloud without re-architecting. This method is often faster and less disruptive but may not leverage the full benefits of cloud-native solutions. Alternatively, businesses may choose to refactor applications to better fit the cloud environment, usually resulting in improved performance and scalability.

DevOps and Cloud Integration

The integration of DevOps practices into cloud deployments can enhance collaboration and streamline the development-to-production pipeline. Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) play crucial roles in ensuring that code changes are automatically tested and deployed, facilitating faster releases. Cloud-native tools and services can support these practices, enabling organizations to achieve greater agility in software development.

Security and Compliance Considerations

Security remains a paramount concern in cloud computing. Organizations must consider data privacy, compliance with regulations such as GDPR, and the protection of sensitive information. Cloud providers typically offer various security features, including encryption, identity management, and incident response. Additionally, organizations should implement robust policies and practices to secure their cloud environments, including regular security assessments and training for staff.

Applications

The applications of cloud computing are vast and continue to evolve as technology advances. Industries across the spectrum leverage cloud-based solutions to enhance their operations and performance.

Business and Enterprise Applications

Many businesses utilize cloud computing for enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), and human resources management (HRM). By adopting SaaS solutions, organizations can streamline their processes, improve collaboration among teams, and gain access to real-time data analytics. This accessibility facilitates informed decision-making and improves operational efficiency.

Data Storage and Backup

Cloud storage services offer scalable and cost-effective solutions for data storage and backups. Organizations can store vast amounts of data without the need for physical infrastructure, allowing for greater flexibility. In addition, many cloud providers feature backup and disaster recovery solutions that protect data from loss or corruption, ensuring business continuity.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The rise of IoT has been significantly supported by cloud computing capabilities. Cloud platforms provide the necessary infrastructure for processing and storing data generated by IoT devices. This relationship enables organizations to analyze data in real-time and utilize insights for optimizing operations, monitoring systems proactively, and enhancing customer experiences.

Real-world Examples

Several companies have successfully implemented cloud computing strategies, leading to notable transformations in their operations and services.

Netflix

Netflix, one of the largest streaming services globally, utilizes Amazon Web Services (AWS) to manage its data storage and content delivery. By leveraging cloud resources, Netflix can scale its infrastructure to accommodate fluctuating demands from users during peak viewing times, ensuring smooth service delivery. Furthermore, the cloud enables the company to innovate rapidly, experiment with new features, and enhance user experience.

Airbnb

Airbnb, a leading online marketplace for lodging and travel, employs cloud computing to handle its extensive data needs. The platform operates on AWS to manage user data, screen potential hosts, and provide personalized recommendations for travelers. This utilization of cloud services has enabled Airbnb to grow rapidly, adjust to market changes, and deliver a seamless experience to millions of users worldwide.

Slack

Slack, a team collaboration tool, is built on a cloud-based infrastructure, allowing users to communicate and collaborate in real time. It leverages various cloud services for its messaging system, file sharing, and application integrations, providing a cohesive experience for remote teams and enhancing workplace productivity.

Criticism and Limitations

Despite its many advantages, cloud computing is not without its challenges and criticisms.

Potential Security Risks

The transition to cloud services can lead to concerns about data breaches and unauthorized access. While cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, organizations are ultimately responsible for safeguarding their data. This shared responsibility model can create gaps if not managed adequately.

Downtime and Reliability Issues

Cloud computing services are not immune to outages. Downtime can result in substantial loss for organizations that rely heavily on cloud infrastructure for their operations. Understanding the terms of service, particularly related to uptime guarantees and service level agreements (SLAs), is critical for businesses before transitioning to the cloud.

Vendor Lock-In

Dependency on a single cloud provider can lead to vendor lock-in, where organizations face challenges when attempting to migrate to another service or platform. This situation can limit flexibility and increase costs, making it crucial for businesses to evaluate multi-cloud strategies to mitigate such risks.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Cloud Computing''' is a transformative technology that enables on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services. This technology allows for the efficient delivery of computing power over the internet, facilitating virtually unrestricted services that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing has fundamentally altered the landscape of information technology, providing businesses and individuals with flexible and economical solutions to manage their computing needs.
+'''Cloud Computing''' is a transformative model that enables ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). This paradigm shift allows for efficient management of resources, scalable solutions, and reduced operational costs across various industries. As a foundational technology, cloud computing has become integral to modern computing infrastructures, influencing how organizations develop, deploy, and manage software and services.
 == History ==
-Cloud computing's origins can be traced back to the 1960s when computing resources were primarily limited to mainframes that were networked to allow multiple users. However, the concept of cloud computing as known today began to take shape in the late 1990s. In 1999, Salesforce.com introduced the concept of delivering enterprise applications via a simple website, setting the foundation for Software as a Service (SaaS). This era marked the start of the shift from traditional hosted applications to on-demand service models.
+The concept of cloud computing traces its origins back several decades. The term itself began to gain traction in the early 2000s, but its roots can be found in earlier technologies.
-In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) launched Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), allowing users to rent virtual computers and run their own computing applications. This innovation greatly popularized the notion of cloud computing services and inspired numerous startups and enterprises to adopt similar models. Following AWS, Microsoft introduced Windows Azure—a suite of cloud services that expanded its offerings into building, testing, deploying, and managing applications through Microsoft datacenters.
+=== Early Developments ===
-Around the same time, the term "cloud computing" was gaining traction, with notable tech companies and consortiums coining frameworks and standards. By the 2010s, major developments such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and a multitude of SaaS solutions came into existence, leading to widespread adoption across various sectors.
+The groundwork for cloud computing can be traced back to the 1960s with the introduction of time-sharing systems, which allowed multiple users to access a central computer simultaneously. This concept evolved with advancements in networking and virtualization technologies throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The establishment of the ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet, further facilitated remote access to computing resources.
-== Architecture ==
+=== Commercialization and the Emergence of Cloud Services ===
-Cloud computing architecture is structured around several key components that work together to provide services over the internet. This architecture can typically be divided into two main layers: the front-end layer and the back-end layer.
+By the late 1990s, companies like Salesforce began offering software as a service (SaaS), marking an important milestone in the commercialization of cloud technologies. The phrase "cloud computing" was first coined around 2006, coinciding with significant investments in data centers and infrastructure by tech giants such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. Amazon's launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006 is often considered a pivotal moment in the cloud computing landscape, transitioning from traditional IT models to pay-as-you-go cloud services.
-=== Front-end Layer ===
+== Architecture ==
-The front-end layer consists of the client-side interface through which users access cloud services. This can include web browsers, mobile applications, or desktop clients. Users interact with the cloud through these interfaces to submit requests for resources or services. Client devices can be diverse, ranging from simple web browsers to powerful remote users running applications that require significant processing power.
+Cloud computing is characterized by its layered architecture, which is typically divided into three primary service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). These models define the different levels of abstraction offered by cloud providers and cater to distinct user needs.
-=== Back-end Layer ===
+=== Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) ===
-The back-end layer encompasses the cloud infrastructure and is responsible for managing and delivering the resources requested by the front end. This layer consists of hardware and software components including data storage systems, servers, virtualization technology, and application servers. The virtualization technology is critical as it allows for the abstraction of resources, enabling multiple instances of applications to run on a single server, thus optimizing resource utilization.
+IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent IT infrastructure such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, allowing them to deploy and manage operating systems and applications. IaaS is particularly useful for businesses looking to avoid the costs and overhead associated with maintaining physical hardware. Notable providers of IaaS include AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
-Within the back end, cloud service providers employ a series of data centers equipped with physical servers and storage devices. These data centers are strategically located and interconnected to ensure high availability, reliability, and redundancy. Load balancers and global distribution networks further enhance performance and accessibility, allowing users to access resources from anywhere in the world with minimal latency.
+=== Platform as a Service (PaaS) ===
-=== Service Models ===
+PaaS offers cloud components to users for application development without the complexities of managing the underlying infrastructure. Developers can build applications using the tools and services provided by the PaaS platform, including databases, middleware, and development frameworks. This model supports collaboration among development teams and accelerates the deployment of applications. Key PaaS providers include Heroku, Google App Engine, and Red Hat OpenShift.
-Cloud computing is categorized into three major service models, each with distinct characteristics and purposes.
+=== Software as a Service (SaaS) ===
-==== Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) ====
+SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Instead of installing software on local computers, users access applications through web browsers. This model reduces the need for internal IT resources, simplifies maintenance, and allows for easy updates and scalability. Prominent examples of SaaS include Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365, and Google Workspace.
-IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. It offers fundamental computing resources such as virtual machines, storage, and networks. Users have more control over the operating systems, development platforms, and applications used. Notable examples of IaaS include Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine, and Microsoft Azure.
-==== Platform as a Service (PaaS) ====
+== Implementation ==
-PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the underlying infrastructure. This model typically includes development tools, middleware, and database management systems. Examples of PaaS include Google App Engine and Heroku.
-==== Software as a Service (SaaS) ====
+The implementation of cloud computing requires an understanding of various models and a strategic approach to integration within an organization. Factors such as data security, compliance, and performance should inform the deployment strategy.
-SaaS delivers software applications over the internet, on a subscription basis. This model eliminates the need for installation and runs on a cloud infrastructure, making it easily accessible from various devices. Popular examples of SaaS include Google Workspace, Salesforce, and Microsoft 365.
-== Benefits ==
+=== Migration Strategies ===
-Cloud computing offers a multitude of benefits that significantly enhance efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness for organizations and individuals.
+Organizations looking to migrate to cloud computing can adopt several strategies. The "lift-and-shift" approach involves transferring applications and workloads as they are from on-premises environments to the cloud without re-architecting. This method is often faster and less disruptive but may not leverage the full benefits of cloud-native solutions. Alternatively, businesses may choose to refactor applications to better fit the cloud environment, usually resulting in improved performance and scalability.
-=== Cost Efficiency ===
+=== DevOps and Cloud Integration ===
-One of the principal advantages of cloud computing is its cost-effectiveness. Organizations can leverage the pay-as-you-go model, enabling them to pay only for what they use. This reduces the need for substantial capital expenditure on hardware and infrastructure. Additionally, costs related to maintenance, upgrades, and energy consumption are significantly reduced or eliminated.
-=== Scalability ===
+The integration of DevOps practices into cloud deployments can enhance collaboration and streamline the development-to-production pipeline. Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) play crucial roles in ensuring that code changes are automatically tested and deployed, facilitating faster releases. Cloud-native tools and services can support these practices, enabling organizations to achieve greater agility in software development.
-Cloud computing provides unparalleled scalability, allowing businesses to increase or decrease resources as demand changes. This means that during peak times, additional resources can be provisioned almost instantaneously, ensuring that services remain uninterrupted. Conversely, during less busy times, resources can be scaled down, optimizing costs.
-=== Accessibility and Remote Work ===
+=== Security and Compliance Considerations ===
-Cloud services facilitate remote access to applications and data, enabling a distributed workforce to collaborate effectively from different locations. This accessibility is particularly crucial in an increasingly mobile world where employees require flexibility to work from various devices, including smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
-=== Disaster Recovery ===
+Security remains a paramount concern in cloud computing. Organizations must consider data privacy, compliance with regulations such as GDPR, and the protection of sensitive information. Cloud providers typically offer various security features, including encryption, identity management, and incident response. Additionally, organizations should implement robust policies and practices to secure their cloud environments, including regular security assessments and training for staff.
-Cloud computing enhances disaster recovery capabilities by allowing data to be backed up and stored in multiple data centers. This redundancy ensures that in case of a local failure or disaster, data remains safe and can be quickly restored. Cloud service providers often offer comprehensive disaster recovery solutions that incorporate data replication, backup, and failover systems.
-=== Enhanced Security ===
+== Applications ==
-Many cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, often surpassing what individual organizations can implement on their own. Advanced encryption, firewalls, and security protocols are standard practices, and the adoption of cloud services often enables organizations to leverage the expertise of specialized security professionals.
-== Implementation ==
+The applications of cloud computing are vast and continue to evolve as technology advances. Industries across the spectrum leverage cloud-based solutions to enhance their operations and performance.
-Implementing cloud computing solutions involves a variety of considerations and strategic planning to ensure successful deployment and integration within existing business infrastructure.
+=== Business and Enterprise Applications ===
-=== Service Selection ===
+Many businesses utilize cloud computing for enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), and human resources management (HRM). By adopting SaaS solutions, organizations can streamline their processes, improve collaboration among teams, and gain access to real-time data analytics. This accessibility facilitates informed decision-making and improves operational efficiency.
-Choosing the appropriate cloud service model is vital to meeting specific needs. Organizations should evaluate the complexity of their applications, regulatory requirements, security needs, and budget constraints. Each service model offers distinct advantages, and the selection process should align with organizational goals.
-=== Data Migration ===
+=== Data Storage and Backup ===
-Migrating existing data and applications to the cloud requires careful planning and execution. Organizations must assess data compatibility, develop a migration strategy, and conduct a thorough testing phase to ensure that data integrity is maintained throughout the process.
-=== Change Management ===
+Cloud storage services offer scalable and cost-effective solutions for data storage and backups. Organizations can store vast amounts of data without the need for physical infrastructure, allowing for greater flexibility. In addition, many cloud providers feature backup and disaster recovery solutions that protect data from loss or corruption, ensuring business continuity.
-The transition to cloud computing necessitates changes in processes and employee roles. Organizations should adopt a comprehensive change management plan, which should include training staff on newly adopted technologies, processes, and tools to maximize productivity and minimize disruption.
-=== Compliance and Security ===
+=== Internet of Things (IoT) ===
-Compliance with industry standards and regulations is essential in cloud computing implementations. Organizations must ensure their cloud service providers adhere to relevant compliance requirements, performing due diligence to assess security measures, data privacy, and risks associated with third-party vendors.
-=== Monitoring and Optimization ===
+The rise of IoT has been significantly supported by cloud computing capabilities. Cloud platforms provide the necessary infrastructure for processing and storing data generated by IoT devices. This relationship enables organizations to analyze data in real-time and utilize insights for optimizing operations, monitoring systems proactively, and enhancing customer experiences.
-Once cloud services are deployed, ongoing monitoring and optimization will help organizations maximize resource utilization and performance. Implementing monitoring tools that provide insights into resource consumption, performance metrics, and potential security threats is crucial to maintaining an efficient cloud environment.
 == Real-world Examples ==
-Numerous organizations across different sectors have successfully adopted cloud computing technologies to improve their operations and efficiency.
+Several companies have successfully implemented cloud computing strategies, leading to notable transformations in their operations and services.
 === Netflix ===
-Netflix, the world-renowned streaming service, utilizes cloud computing to manage its vast library of media content and deliver high-definition video streaming to millions of users worldwide. Utilizing Amazon Web Services, Netflix can scale its infrastructure to accommodate varying demand during peak hours, ensuring a smooth user experience.
-=== Dropbox ===
+Netflix, one of the largest streaming services globally, utilizes Amazon Web Services (AWS) to manage its data storage and content delivery. By leveraging cloud resources, Netflix can scale its infrastructure to accommodate fluctuating demands from users during peak viewing times, ensuring smooth service delivery. Furthermore, the cloud enables the company to innovate rapidly, experiment with new features, and enhance user experience.
-Dropbox has transformed file storage and sharing, leveraging cloud computing to offer users a seamless experience in accessing and syncing files across multiple devices. The platform is based on a pay-as-you-go model, allowing users to expand their storage capacity as needed.
 === Airbnb ===
-Airbnb, the popular lodging rental platform, relies on cloud capabilities to facilitate its global operations. Utilizing cloud computing, Airbnb effectively manages vast amounts of data generated by user interactions, enables real-time processing of bookings, and provides a personalized user experience.
-=== NASA ===
+Airbnb, a leading online marketplace for lodging and travel, employs cloud computing to handle its extensive data needs. The platform operates on AWS to manage user data, screen potential hosts, and provide personalized recommendations for travelers. This utilization of cloud services has enabled Airbnb to grow rapidly, adjust to market changes, and deliver a seamless experience to millions of users worldwide.
-NASA employs cloud computing technology to analyze scientific data projects more efficiently. Utilizing commercial cloud services, NASA has enhanced its data processing capabilities, enabling scientists and researchers to collaborate on vast datasets without the constraints of traditional infrastructural limitations.
-== Criticism and Limitations ==
+=== Slack ===
-Despite its numerous benefits, cloud computing is not without criticism and limitations. Concerns regarding security, dependency on internet connectivity, and potential vendor lock-in are prevalent among organizations considering cloud solutions.
+Slack, a team collaboration tool, is built on a cloud-based infrastructure, allowing users to communicate and collaborate in real time. It leverages various cloud services for its messaging system, file sharing, and application integrations, providing a cohesive experience for remote teams and enhancing workplace productivity.
-=== Security Concerns ===
+== Criticism and Limitations ==
-One of the foremost criticisms of cloud computing is the inherent security risks associated with storing sensitive data off-premises. While cloud providers often implement stringent security measures, breaches and data leaks have occurred, sparking concerns about data confidentiality and access controls.
-=== Internet Dependency ===
-Cloud computing relies heavily on internet connectivity. In instances of network outages or poor connectivity, access to critical applications and data can be compromised. Organizations must assess their internet infrastructure and consider contingency plans to ensure uninterrupted access to cloud services.
-=== Vendor Lock-in ===
-Organizations may become heavily reliant on specific cloud providers, leading to challenges in migrating to alternative services. This dependence can result in vendor lock-in, limiting flexibility, increasing costs, and complicating future technological decisions. Organizations must consider strategies to mitigate this risk, such as adopting multi-cloud or hybrid cloud approaches.
-=== Performance Variability ===
+Despite its many advantages, cloud computing is not without its challenges and criticisms.
-Performance in cloud environments can be affected by factors beyond customer control, including the provider's infrastructure and maintenance schedules. Organizations may experience inconsistent performance during peak demand times, which can impact user experiences and overall efficiency.
-== Future Trends ==
+=== Potential Security Risks ===
-The future of cloud computing continues to evolve rapidly, driven by advancements in technology and shifts in user requirements. Emerging trends are shaping the direction of cloud services and influencing how organizations utilize these platforms.
+The transition to cloud services can lead to concerns about data breaches and unauthorized access. While cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, organizations are ultimately responsible for safeguarding their data. This shared responsibility model can create gaps if not managed adequately.
-=== Edge Computing ===
+=== Downtime and Reliability Issues ===
-Edge computing extends cloud capabilities closer to the location of data generation. This trend aims to reduce latency and improve response times by processing data at the edge of the cloud, instead of relying solely on centralized cloud data centers. The growth of IoT devices, autonomous vehicles, and related applications fuels this trend, prompting the adoption of decentralized architectures.
-=== Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning ===
+Cloud computing services are not immune to outages. Downtime can result in substantial loss for organizations that rely heavily on cloud infrastructure for their operations. Understanding the terms of service, particularly related to uptime guarantees and service level agreements (SLAs), is critical for businesses before transitioning to the cloud.
-The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into cloud computing services allows organizations to leverage advanced analytics and automation. Cloud providers are increasingly embedding AI and ML capabilities into their offerings, enabling clients to enhance decision-making processes, identify patterns, and streamline operations.
-=== Serverless Computing ===
+=== Vendor Lock-In ===
-Serverless computing abstracts the underlying infrastructure required to run applications, enabling developers to focus solely on writing code without managing servers. This model promotes efficiency and cost savings as organizations only pay for the actual computing time expended, leading to increased agility in application development and deployment.
-=== Sustainability Initiatives ===
+Dependency on a single cloud provider can lead to vendor lock-in, where organizations face challenges when attempting to migrate to another service or platform. This situation can limit flexibility and increase costs, making it crucial for businesses to evaluate multi-cloud strategies to mitigate such risks.
-With growing concerns around energy consumption and carbon emissions, cloud service providers are investing in sustainability initiatives. Utilizing renewable energy sources, increasing energy efficiency, and enabling clients to track their carbon footprint are becoming integral parts of cloud strategies. These initiatives align with global efforts to mitigate climate change impacts.
 == See also ==
+* [[Grid computing]]
+* [[Virtualization]]
 * [[Software as a Service]]
-* [[Infrastructure as a Service]]
+* [[Disaster recovery]]
-* [[Platform as a Service]]
+* [[Big data]]
-* [[Edge Computing]]
+* [[Internet of Things]]
-* [[Big Data]]
 == References ==
 * [https://aws.amazon.com/ Amazon Web Services]
-* [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-platform Microsoft Azure]
+* [https://cloud.google.com/ Google Cloud Platform]
-* [https://www.ibm.com/cloud IBM Cloud]
+* [https://azure.microsoft.com/ Microsoft Azure]
 * [https://www.salesforce.com/ Salesforce]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/cloud/ Oracle Cloud]
+* [https://www.office.com/ Microsoft Office 365]
+* [https://workspace.google.com/ Google Workspace]
+* [https://heroku.com/ Heroku]
+* [https://www.redhat.com/en/openshift Red Hat OpenShift]
-[[Category:Computing]]
+[[Category:Cloud computing]]
-[[Category:Internet]]
+[[Category:Information technology]]
-[[Category:Information Technology]]
+[[Category:Internet technologies]]