Java: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 17:44, 6 July 2025

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Java is widely used for building enterprise-scale applications, mobile applications, web applications, and various other platforms. Its core features include platform independence, robust security, a rich set of libraries, and automatic memory management through garbage collection.

History

Java's inception can be traced back to 1991 when a group of Sun Microsystems engineers led by James Gosling began developing a language called Oak. This programming language was intended for interactive television, but it was ultimately not adopted due to the limitations of the technology at the time. In 1995, with the rise of the Internet, the language was rebranded as Java and became available to the public in May of that year alongside the release of the Java Development Kit (JDK).

The first Java version, Java 1.0, was released in 1996. Its promise of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) garnered significant interest and set the stage for its massive adoption. This principle was facilitated by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java programs to run on any device that has a JVM implementation, regardless of hardware and operating system.

Over the years, Java has evolved significantly, with major releases adding new features and enhancements. Java 2, released in 1998, introduced the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), which made it a favorite in enterprise environments. Subsequent versions, including Java 5 (2004), introduced generics and annotations; Java 8 (2014) brought lambda expressions and streams; and Java 11 (2018) became the first Long-Term Support (LTS) release after a significant change in the release cadence, with every six months becoming the new norm.

Architecture

The architecture of Java can be understood through the core components that make it robust and versatile for various programming applications.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

The JVM is the cornerstone of Java's architecture, executing Java bytecode and providing a runtime environment. This component abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, enabling Java applications to achieve portability. When a developer compiles a Java program, it is transformed into bytecode, which can be run by any compatible JVM, thereby ensuring the WORA capability.

The JVM also includes important functionality such as automatic memory management, garbage collection, and security features that help manage and execute Java applications more efficiently. Each platform that supports Java has its own implementation of the JVM, which allows the same Java program to run on different systems without modification.

Java Development Kit (JDK)

The JDK is a software development environment provided by Oracle (the current steward of Java) that is essential for developers to create, compile, and debug Java applications. The JDK includes various tools, such as the Java compiler (javac), Java runtime environment (JRE), and other utilities that streamline the development process.

With every new version of the JDK, enhancements are made to improve performance, efficiency, and usability, along with the addition of new libraries that developers can leverage in their applications.

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

The JRE is an essential component that provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine, and other components necessary to run Java applications. Although it does not contain development tools like the JDK, the JRE allows end-users to execute Java programs on their devices.

The differentiation between the JDK and the JRE is crucial for both developers and users to understand. Developers require the JDK to build Java applications, while everyday users need the JRE to run them.

Implementation

Java supports a multitude of implementation scenarios across various domains, making it a versatile choice among programmers.

Enterprise Applications

Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), now Jakarta EE, provides a robust framework for developing large-scale, distributed applications. It includes specifications for a range of services, including messaging, web services, and persistence, among others. Java EE is especially popular for building services-oriented architectures (SOAs) through APIs such as Java Persistence API (JPA) for database interactions and JavaServer Faces (JSF) for web applications.

Mobile Development

Java has long been a staple language for mobile application development, particularly for Android platforms. The Android SDK is largely built on Java, allowing developers to create robust mobile apps that can run on millions of devices. The combination of Java's features, such as its portability and performance, and the vast array of libraries available for developers make it a preferred choice within the mobile development sphere.

Web Applications

With the advent of JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and Java frameworks like Spring and Hibernate, Java has carved a niche in web application development. These technologies facilitate the creation of dynamic, data-driven web applications that can handle a significant amount of user traffic while allowing for scalability and maintainability.

Moreover, the introduction of Java Frameworks such as Spring Boot simplifies the setup and configuration of new web applications, allowing developers to focus more on business logic rather than boilerplate code, thereby improving productivity.

Scientific Applications

Java's portability and extensive libraries, including Java's Math and Science libraries, make it a choice for scientific applications as well. Many scientists and researchers use Java for data analysis, simulation modeling, and computational functionalities, attributed to its performance and ease of use.

Desktop Applications

For desktop application development, Java offers a range of graphical user interface (GUI) libraries, the most notable being Swing and JavaFX. These tools allow developers to craft multi-platform graphical user interfaces that can run on any device with a Java Runtime Environment.

Real-world Examples

Java has been successfully applied in various high-profile projects and systems, underscoring its versatility and robustness.

Enterprise Systems

A prime example of Java in action is in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Many large companies utilize Java-based ERP software solutions for their operational efficiency, scalability, and ability to integrate with various business processes. Notable ERP vendors like SAP and Oracle offer Java-based solutions, highlighting its significance in enterprise applications.

E-commerce Platforms

Java serves as the backbone for several large e-commerce sites, providing the necessary performance and security features that online transactions require. Platforms such as eBay and Amazon have utilized Java in various facets of their operations, ensuring a secure and reliable shopping experience for users.

Financial Services

In the financial sector, Java is widely used in trading applications, transaction processing systems, and risk management systems. The language's robustness and security features play a crucial role in handling sensitive financial data, where reliability and performance are paramount.

Gaming Industry

The gaming industry has also leveraged Java's capabilities, particularly in the development of cross-platform games. Although more modern engines have shifted towards languages like C++, Java has a significant presence in mobile gaming (particularly on Android) and in server-side game development, providing dynamic and interactive gaming experiences.

Big Data Processing

Java's compatibility with big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop underscores its utility in data processing and analytics. Hadoop utilizes Java for its core components, allowing for distributed data processing and storage across large clusters of computers, which is critical for organizations dealing with extensive datasets.

Criticism and Limitations

Despite its widespread use and numerous advantages, Java is not without limitations and criticisms.

Performance Concerns

One of the most common criticisms of Java is its performance. While it offers great portability and security, Java applications can sometimes be slower compared to those written in languages such as C or C++. This is primarily due to the overhead of the Java Virtual Machine and garbage collection, which can lead to performance inefficiencies in certain applications.

Complexity of Syntax

Java's syntax has been criticized for being overly verbose compared to other modern programming languages such as Python or Ruby. This verbosity can lead to more lines of code to accomplish the same tasks, which some developers find cumbersome, especially when rapid development is desired.

Update Cycle and Backward Compatibility

The frequent updates to Java, particularly after the introduction of a time-driven release model, have been met with mixed reactions. While new features can enhance functionality, the need for constant updates may lead to compatibility issues with older codebases or libraries. Additionally, some developers express concerns over the speed of adoption of new features, given the extensive codebases present in many Java applications.

References

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-'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a widely used software platform that allows developers to create applications that can run on any operating system that supports Java. Developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s, Java's platform independence has made it one of the most popular programming languages in the world, used extensively for building mobile applications, web servers, and enterprise-level solutions.
+'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Java is widely used for building enterprise-scale applications, mobile applications, web applications, and various other platforms. Its core features include platform independence, robust security, a rich set of libraries, and automatic memory management through garbage collection.
 == History ==
+Java's inception can be traced back to 1991 when a group of Sun Microsystems engineers led by James Gosling began developing a language called Oak. This programming language was intended for interactive television, but it was ultimately not adopted due to the limitations of the technology at the time. In 1995, with the rise of the Internet, the language was rebranded as Java and became available to the public in May of that year alongside the release of the Java Development Kit (JDK).
-The genesis of Java can be traced back to the early 1990s when a small group of Sun Microsystems engineers, led by James Gosling, initiated the Green Project. This project aimed to create a language suitable for embedded systems, specifically for interactive television. The language was initially called Oak, named after an oak tree outside Gosling's office. In 1995, as the Internet began to gain popularity, the language was renamed Java, reflecting the dynamic nature of the technology and its intended applications.
+The first Java version, Java 1.0, was released in 1996. Its promise of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) garnered significant interest and set the stage for its massive adoption. This principle was facilitated by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java programs to run on any device that has a JVM implementation, regardless of hardware and operating system.
-The first public release of Java was in May 1995 and included the Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.0. This release brought with it the core features of Java, including its object-oriented capabilities, robust security features, and the Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) philosophy that enables Java applications to be run on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Over the years, Java has undergone numerous updates, with significant versions like Java 2 in 1998 introducing features such as the Swing graphical window toolkit and the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) for developing large-scale applications.
+Over the years, Java has evolved significantly, with major releases adding new features and enhancements. Java 2, released in 1998, introduced the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), which made it a favorite in enterprise environments. Subsequent versions, including Java 5 (2004), introduced generics and annotations; Java 8 (2014) brought lambda expressions and streams; and Java 11 (2018) became the first Long-Term Support (LTS) release after a significant change in the release cadence, with every six months becoming the new norm.
-In 2006, Sun Microsystems open-sourced much of Java, making it available for community-driven development. The language has continued to evolve, with the transition to Java SE (Standard Edition) and the introduction of new features in subsequent versions, including the advent of lambda expressions in Java 8 and the module system in Java 9. Java's governance has since moved to the Oracle Corporation-after acquiring Sun in 2010-and the ongoing development under the Java Community Process (JCP) ensures a collaborative and transparent model for future updates.
+== Architecture ==
+The architecture of Java can be understood through the core components that make it robust and versatile for various programming applications.
-== Architecture ==
+=== Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
+The JVM is the cornerstone of Java's architecture, executing Java bytecode and providing a runtime environment. This component abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, enabling Java applications to achieve portability. When a developer compiles a Java program, it is transformed into bytecode, which can be run by any compatible JVM, thereby ensuring the WORA capability.
-The architecture of Java is fundamentally based on the concept of the Java Platform, which encompasses several components that work together to provide a robust runtime environment for Java applications. The primary components include the Java Development Kit (JDK), the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
+The JVM also includes important functionality such as automatic memory management, garbage collection, and security features that help manage and execute Java applications more efficiently. Each platform that supports Java has its own implementation of the JVM, which allows the same Java program to run on different systems without modification.
 === Java Development Kit (JDK) ===
+The JDK is a software development environment provided by Oracle (the current steward of Java) that is essential for developers to create, compile, and debug Java applications. The JDK includes various tools, such as the Java compiler (javac), Java runtime environment (JRE), and other utilities that streamline the development process.
-The JDK is a set of development tools provided by Oracle and contains everything needed to create, compile, and execute Java applications. This toolkit includes the Java compiler (javac), which converts Java source code into bytecode. Bytecode is an intermediate representation that is portable across platforms and is executed by the JVM.
+With every new version of the JDK, enhancements are made to improve performance, efficiency, and usability, along with the addition of new libraries that developers can leverage in their applications.
-The JDK also contains libraries, tools, and other components necessary for Java development, including debuggers, documentation generators, and build tools such as Apache Maven or Gradle. The JDK is essential for programmers who are looking to create new Java applications or modify existing ones.
 === Java Runtime Environment (JRE) ===
+The JRE is an essential component that provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine, and other components necessary to run Java applications. Although it does not contain development tools like the JDK, the JRE allows end-users to execute Java programs on their devices.
-The JRE is a part of the Java Platform that provides the core functionality needed to run Java applications. It includes the JVM, the standard libraries, and other components essential for executing Java programs. The JRE does not provide the tools for developing Java applications; it focuses solely on running them.
+The differentiation between the JDK and the JRE is crucial for both developers and users to understand. Developers require the JDK to build Java applications, while everyday users need the JRE to run them.
-When a user installs a Java application, the JRE is usually bundled with it to ensure that the necessary runtime environment is available. The JRE is available in several forms, specifically designed for different operating systems, thereby ensuring compatibility and ease of deployment.
+== Implementation ==
+Java supports a multitude of implementation scenarios across various domains, making it a versatile choice among programmers.
-=== Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
+=== Enterprise Applications ===
+Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), now Jakarta EE, provides a robust framework for developing large-scale, distributed applications. It includes specifications for a range of services, including messaging, web services, and persistence, among others. Java EE is especially popular for building services-oriented architectures (SOAs) through APIs such as Java Persistence API (JPA) for database interactions and JavaServer Faces (JSF) for web applications.
-The JVM is the cornerstone of the Java Platform and acts as an interpreter for executing Java bytecode. It is responsible for converting the bytecode into machine code specific to the operating system on which it runs. This conversion allows Java applications to be executed on any platform that has a compatible JVM, fulfilling the WORA mantra of Java.
+=== Mobile Development ===
+Java has long been a staple language for mobile application development, particularly for Android platforms. The Android SDK is largely built on Java, allowing developers to create robust mobile apps that can run on millions of devices. The combination of Java's features, such as its portability and performance, and the vast array of libraries available for developers make it a preferred choice within the mobile development sphere.
-The JVM manages system resources, provides garbage collection to recover memory, and offers robust security features to protect against malicious code execution. It encompasses various components, including a class loader for loading classes, an execution engine that executes Java bytecode, and a runtime data area that includes memory management for variables and objects.
+=== Web Applications ===
+With the advent of JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and Java frameworks like Spring and Hibernate, Java has carved a niche in web application development. These technologies facilitate the creation of dynamic, data-driven web applications that can handle a significant amount of user traffic while allowing for scalability and maintainability.
-== Features ==
+Moreover, the introduction of Java Frameworks such as Spring Boot simplifies the setup and configuration of new web applications, allowing developers to focus more on business logic rather than boilerplate code, thereby improving productivity.
-Java comes with a plethora of features that enhance its usability, performance, and security, making it a preferred choice for developers worldwide.
+=== Scientific Applications ===
+Java's portability and extensive libraries, including Java's Math and Science libraries, make it a choice for scientific applications as well. Many scientists and researchers use Java for data analysis, simulation modeling, and computational functionalities, attributed to its performance and ease of use.
-=== Object-Oriented ===
+=== Desktop Applications ===
+For desktop application development, Java offers a range of graphical user interface (GUI) libraries, the most notable being Swing and JavaFX. These tools allow developers to craft multi-platform graphical user interfaces that can run on any device with a Java Runtime Environment.
-Java is built on the principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), which allows developers to create modular, reusable code. The core concepts of OOP in Java include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Encapsulation enables the bundling of data and methods, inheritance promotes code reusability, and polymorphism allows objects to take on multiple forms.
+== Real-world Examples ==
+Java has been successfully applied in various high-profile projects and systems, underscoring its versatility and robustness.
-These principles lead to improved code maintenance, enhanced design flexibility, and better problem-solving capabilities in software development.
-=== Platform Independence ===
-One of the standout features of Java is its platform independence, which means that Java applications can run on any operating system that has a JVM. The bytecode generated by the Java compiler is universal, increasing portability across different platforms. This feature has made Java an ideal choice for enterprise-level applications that require reliability and scalability across diverse environments.
-=== Automatic Memory Management ===
-Java has a built-in garbage collector that automatically handles memory management. This process helps in reclaiming memory occupied by objects that are no longer needed, reducing the risk of memory leaks and enhancing application performance. Developers are relieved from the burden of manual memory management, leading to fewer bugs and a more efficient development process.
-=== Rich Standard Library ===
-Java boasts a rich set of libraries and frameworks, which provides a vast array of pre-written code resources that developers can utilize. The Java Standard Library includes classes and methods for everything from data structures and networking to graphical user interface (GUI) development. These libraries save time and effort, allowing developers to focus on application logic rather than low-level implementation details.
-=== Security Features ===
-Security is a paramount concern in modern applications, and Java has been designed with security in mind. Its architecture incorporates several security features, such as the Java security manager that restricts access to certain resources, bytecode verification to ensure that classes do not perform unsafe operations, and a robust set of APIs for establishing secure connectivity.
-Java applications often run in a sandbox environment, providing an additional layer of security by isolating them from the underlying operating system. This is particularly important for web applications where security vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers.
-== Implementation and Applications ==
-Java's versatility and robustness make it suitable for a vast range of applications across various domains.
-=== Web Development ===
-Java is extensively used for web development, particularly in the back-end systems of popular web applications. Frameworks such as Spring and JavaServer Faces (JSF) provide developers with tools to create dynamic web applications, effectively managing server-side logic and database interactions.
-Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) are foundational technologies for creating web applications in Java. They allow developers to build dynamic content and manage user sessions, thereby providing a rich user experience. The platform's scalability and performance make it a top choice for high-traffic websites and enterprise-level applications.
-=== Mobile Applications ===
-Java is the primary language used for developing Android applications. The Android operating system is built on the Java language and its libraries, allowing developers to leverage their Java skills to create mobile applications. The Android SDK provides tools for building, testing, and deploying Android apps, ensuring that developers have the necessary resources to create high-quality mobile experiences.
-With Java, developers can take advantage of rich multimedia libraries, database connectivity, and various frameworks to create engaging and responsive applications for smartphones and tablets.
-=== Enterprise Software ===
-Java plays a significant role in the development of enterprise-level applications, thanks to its robust performance and extensive libraries. The Java EE (Enterprise Edition) platform is designed specifically for building large-scale, distributed applications. It provides enterprise-grade features like transaction management, messaging, and security services.
-Many organizations rely on Java-based solutions for their business-critical applications. These include systems for inventory management, customer relationship management (CRM), and enterprise resource planning (ERP), among others.
-=== Scientific and Research Applications ===
-Java has gained traction in scientific and research communities due to its stability, ease of use, and portability. The language is often used in computational simulations, data analysis, and complex modeling tasks. The Java Platform provides support for mathematical libraries like JAMA and JFreeChart, which facilitate complex calculations and data visualization.
-In addition, Java’s interoperability with other languages (through JNI - Java Native Interface) allows researchers to integrate Java with other programming languages, expanding its applicability in scientific computing.
-== Real-world Examples ==
+=== Enterprise Systems ===
+A prime example of Java in action is in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Many large companies utilize Java-based ERP software solutions for their operational efficiency, scalability, and ability to integrate with various business processes. Notable ERP vendors like SAP and Oracle offer Java-based solutions, highlighting its significance in enterprise applications.
-Java has been adopted by numerous organizations and projects around the world, highlighting its efficacy and popularity in varied applications.
+=== E-commerce Platforms ===
+Java serves as the backbone for several large e-commerce sites, providing the necessary performance and security features that online transactions require. Platforms such as eBay and Amazon have utilized Java in various facets of their operations, ensuring a secure and reliable shopping experience for users.
 === Financial Services ===
+In the financial sector, Java is widely used in trading applications, transaction processing systems, and risk management systems. The language's robustness and security features play a crucial role in handling sensitive financial data, where reliability and performance are paramount.
-Many banks and financial institutions utilize Java for developing their back-end systems. Java's reliability and security make it ideal for handling sensitive financial transactions and data. Major banking systems, trading platforms, and risk management tools leverage Java's capabilities.
+=== Gaming Industry ===
+The gaming industry has also leveraged Java's capabilities, particularly in the development of cross-platform games. Although more modern engines have shifted towards languages like C++, Java has a significant presence in mobile gaming (particularly on Android) and in server-side game development, providing dynamic and interactive gaming experiences.
-One notable example is the trading systems used by stock exchanges, which require highly scalable and responsive applications to handle large volumes of transactions with minimal latency. Java's performance features play a critical role in ensuring these systems function smoothly.
-=== eCommerce Platforms ===
-Numerous eCommerce platforms and payment gateways are built using Java technologies, given their ability to scale and manage high throughputs of transactions. Java's frameworks support the integration of complex payment processing systems, ensuring secure and efficient transactions.
-A well-known example is eBay, which utilizes Java to support its robust online marketplace, allowing for a seamless shopping experience for millions of users worldwide.
-=== Scientific Research Institutions ===
-Many research institutions and universities utilize Java for computational research and simulations. Examples include the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project, which employs Java for data analysis, and various climate modeling projects that depend on Java's numerical computing capabilities.
-=== Social Networking Applications ===
-Java is also a significant player in the development of social networking applications and services. Platforms like LinkedIn, which connects professionals worldwide, have been built on Java to ensure a reliable and responsive experience for users.
-=== Government Applications ===
-Several government agencies and departments have adopted Java for developing applications related to public safety, tax collection, and record management. The reliability, security, and wide support of the language make it suitable for critical public sector applications that adhere to strict regulatory requirements.
+=== Big Data Processing ===
+Java's compatibility with big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop underscores its utility in data processing and analytics. Hadoop utilizes Java for its core components, allowing for distributed data processing and storage across large clusters of computers, which is critical for organizations dealing with extensive datasets.
 == Criticism and Limitations ==
+Despite its widespread use and numerous advantages, Java is not without limitations and criticisms.
-While Java has enjoyed widespread acceptance and success, it has faced criticism and limitations over the years. Critics argue that its verbosity can lead to more extensive codebases compared to other programming languages, making development and maintenance more challenging.
 === Performance Concerns ===
+One of the most common criticisms of Java is its performance. While it offers great portability and security, Java applications can sometimes be slower compared to those written in languages such as C or C++. This is primarily due to the overhead of the Java Virtual Machine and garbage collection, which can lead to performance inefficiencies in certain applications.
-Although Java has greatly improved in terms of performance over the years, some analysts contend that its execution through a virtual machine can lead to slower performance compared to natively compiled languages like C++. Real-time applications requiring low-level hardware interaction often encounter challenges with Java's abstraction layer.
+=== Complexity of Syntax ===
+Java's syntax has been criticized for being overly verbose compared to other modern programming languages such as Python or Ruby. This verbosity can lead to more lines of code to accomplish the same tasks, which some developers find cumbersome, especially when rapid development is desired.
-Additionally, Java applications can consume a significant amount of memory due to the overhead of JVM, leading organizations to consider more lightweight languages for specific purposes.
-=== Complexity and Learning Curve ===
-Learning Java can pose challenges for novice programmers due to its extensive features and principles of object-oriented programming. The complexity associated with mastering core concepts, such as the intricacies of garbage collection and exception handling, can deter entry-level developers.
-Despite this barrier, many educational institutions have chosen Java as the introductory programming language due to its widespread use in industry and its strong community support.
-=== Dependency Management ===
-Another point of contention is Java's dependency management system, which can become cumbersome when dealing with large libraries or frameworks. Conflicts between library versions, known as "dependency hell," can create challenges for developers during the build process. However, modern build tools and dependency management systems like Maven and Gradle have greatly alleviated this issue in recent years.
+=== Update Cycle and Backward Compatibility ===
+The frequent updates to Java, particularly after the introduction of a time-driven release model, have been met with mixed reactions. While new features can enhance functionality, the need for constant updates may lead to compatibility issues with older codebases or libraries. Additionally, some developers express concerns over the speed of adoption of new features, given the extensive codebases present in many Java applications.
 == See also ==
+* [[Java Virtual Machine]]
 * [[Java Development Kit]]
-* [[Java Virtual Machine]]
+* [[Java Enterprise Edition]]
-* [[Android (operating system)]]
+* [[Java and the Internet of Things]]
-* [[JavaScript]]
+* [[Comparison of programming languages]]
-* [[Spring Framework]]
 == References ==
 * [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle Java Official Website]
-* [https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/ Oracle Java Documentation]
+* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK - The official Java Development Kit]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/overview/index.html Java Overview]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/overview-archive.html Java SE Documentation]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk13-archive-downloads.html Java SE 13 Installation Guide]
 [[Category:Programming languages]]
-[[Category:Object-oriented programming]]
+[[Category:Software]]
-[[Category:SoftwareDevelopment]]
+[[Category:Computer science]]