Cloud Computing: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:51, 6 July 2025

Cloud Computing is a transformative model that enables ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). This paradigm shift allows for efficient management of resources, scalable solutions, and reduced operational costs across various industries. As a foundational technology, cloud computing has become integral to modern computing infrastructures, influencing how organizations develop, deploy, and manage software and services.

History

The concept of cloud computing traces its origins back several decades. The term itself began to gain traction in the early 2000s, but its roots can be found in earlier technologies.

Early Developments

The groundwork for cloud computing can be traced back to the 1960s with the introduction of time-sharing systems, which allowed multiple users to access a central computer simultaneously. This concept evolved with advancements in networking and virtualization technologies throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The establishment of the ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet, further facilitated remote access to computing resources.

Commercialization and the Emergence of Cloud Services

By the late 1990s, companies like Salesforce began offering software as a service (SaaS), marking an important milestone in the commercialization of cloud technologies. The phrase "cloud computing" was first coined around 2006, coinciding with significant investments in data centers and infrastructure by tech giants such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. Amazon's launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006 is often considered a pivotal moment in the cloud computing landscape, transitioning from traditional IT models to pay-as-you-go cloud services.

Architecture

Cloud computing is characterized by its layered architecture, which is typically divided into three primary service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). These models define the different levels of abstraction offered by cloud providers and cater to distinct user needs.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent IT infrastructure such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, allowing them to deploy and manage operating systems and applications. IaaS is particularly useful for businesses looking to avoid the costs and overhead associated with maintaining physical hardware. Notable providers of IaaS include AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS offers cloud components to users for application development without the complexities of managing the underlying infrastructure. Developers can build applications using the tools and services provided by the PaaS platform, including databases, middleware, and development frameworks. This model supports collaboration among development teams and accelerates the deployment of applications. Key PaaS providers include Heroku, Google App Engine, and Red Hat OpenShift.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Instead of installing software on local computers, users access applications through web browsers. This model reduces the need for internal IT resources, simplifies maintenance, and allows for easy updates and scalability. Prominent examples of SaaS include Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365, and Google Workspace.

Implementation

The implementation of cloud computing requires an understanding of various models and a strategic approach to integration within an organization. Factors such as data security, compliance, and performance should inform the deployment strategy.

Migration Strategies

Organizations looking to migrate to cloud computing can adopt several strategies. The "lift-and-shift" approach involves transferring applications and workloads as they are from on-premises environments to the cloud without re-architecting. This method is often faster and less disruptive but may not leverage the full benefits of cloud-native solutions. Alternatively, businesses may choose to refactor applications to better fit the cloud environment, usually resulting in improved performance and scalability.

DevOps and Cloud Integration

The integration of DevOps practices into cloud deployments can enhance collaboration and streamline the development-to-production pipeline. Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) play crucial roles in ensuring that code changes are automatically tested and deployed, facilitating faster releases. Cloud-native tools and services can support these practices, enabling organizations to achieve greater agility in software development.

Security and Compliance Considerations

Security remains a paramount concern in cloud computing. Organizations must consider data privacy, compliance with regulations such as GDPR, and the protection of sensitive information. Cloud providers typically offer various security features, including encryption, identity management, and incident response. Additionally, organizations should implement robust policies and practices to secure their cloud environments, including regular security assessments and training for staff.

Applications

The applications of cloud computing are vast and continue to evolve as technology advances. Industries across the spectrum leverage cloud-based solutions to enhance their operations and performance.

Business and Enterprise Applications

Many businesses utilize cloud computing for enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), and human resources management (HRM). By adopting SaaS solutions, organizations can streamline their processes, improve collaboration among teams, and gain access to real-time data analytics. This accessibility facilitates informed decision-making and improves operational efficiency.

Data Storage and Backup

Cloud storage services offer scalable and cost-effective solutions for data storage and backups. Organizations can store vast amounts of data without the need for physical infrastructure, allowing for greater flexibility. In addition, many cloud providers feature backup and disaster recovery solutions that protect data from loss or corruption, ensuring business continuity.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The rise of IoT has been significantly supported by cloud computing capabilities. Cloud platforms provide the necessary infrastructure for processing and storing data generated by IoT devices. This relationship enables organizations to analyze data in real-time and utilize insights for optimizing operations, monitoring systems proactively, and enhancing customer experiences.

Real-world Examples

Several companies have successfully implemented cloud computing strategies, leading to notable transformations in their operations and services.

Netflix

Netflix, one of the largest streaming services globally, utilizes Amazon Web Services (AWS) to manage its data storage and content delivery. By leveraging cloud resources, Netflix can scale its infrastructure to accommodate fluctuating demands from users during peak viewing times, ensuring smooth service delivery. Furthermore, the cloud enables the company to innovate rapidly, experiment with new features, and enhance user experience.

Airbnb

Airbnb, a leading online marketplace for lodging and travel, employs cloud computing to handle its extensive data needs. The platform operates on AWS to manage user data, screen potential hosts, and provide personalized recommendations for travelers. This utilization of cloud services has enabled Airbnb to grow rapidly, adjust to market changes, and deliver a seamless experience to millions of users worldwide.

Slack

Slack, a team collaboration tool, is built on a cloud-based infrastructure, allowing users to communicate and collaborate in real time. It leverages various cloud services for its messaging system, file sharing, and application integrations, providing a cohesive experience for remote teams and enhancing workplace productivity.

Criticism and Limitations

Despite its many advantages, cloud computing is not without its challenges and criticisms.

Potential Security Risks

The transition to cloud services can lead to concerns about data breaches and unauthorized access. While cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, organizations are ultimately responsible for safeguarding their data. This shared responsibility model can create gaps if not managed adequately.

Downtime and Reliability Issues

Cloud computing services are not immune to outages. Downtime can result in substantial loss for organizations that rely heavily on cloud infrastructure for their operations. Understanding the terms of service, particularly related to uptime guarantees and service level agreements (SLAs), is critical for businesses before transitioning to the cloud.

Vendor Lock-In

Dependency on a single cloud provider can lead to vendor lock-in, where organizations face challenges when attempting to migrate to another service or platform. This situation can limit flexibility and increase costs, making it crucial for businesses to evaluate multi-cloud strategies to mitigate such risks.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Cloud Computing''' is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This technology allows for flexible resources and economies of scale, leading to significant operational advantages for both businesses and individual users. The term can also refer to the entire architecture of technologies and services that support this model of computing.
+'''Cloud Computing''' is a transformative model that enables ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). This paradigm shift allows for efficient management of resources, scalable solutions, and reduced operational costs across various industries. As a foundational technology, cloud computing has become integral to modern computing infrastructures, influencing how organizations develop, deploy, and manage software and services.
 == History ==
-The concept of cloud computing has its roots in earlier computing models that fostered remote data access and services. The idea of computing as a utility dates back to the 1960s when computer scientists like J.C.R. Licklider conceptualized an "Intergalactic Network" where computers could be connected and communicated worldwide. However, it was not until the advent of the Internet in the late 20th century that the conditions for cloud computing began to take shape.
-=== The Emergence of Cloud Services ===
+The concept of cloud computing traces its origins back several decades. The term itself began to gain traction in the early 2000s, but its roots can be found in earlier technologies.
-In the late 1990s, the commercial potential of cloud services began to emerge. Companies like Salesforce.com, launched in 1999, started to provide software as a service (SaaS), allowing businesses to access software applications hosted on the Internet rather than installed locally. The term "cloud computing" came into more prominent usage in the early 2000s when large tech companies began promoting this model as viable for large-scale operation.
-=== Amazon Web Services ===
+=== Early Developments ===
-A pivotal moment in the history of cloud computing was the launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006. AWS provided a comprehensive suite of cloud services that offered computing power and storage solutions on demand. This innovation paved the way for other tech giants to enter the space, including Microsoft and Google, which launched their respective cloud services shortly thereafter.
-=== Standardization and Common Practices ===
+The groundwork for cloud computing can be traced back to the 1960s with the introduction of time-sharing systems, which allowed multiple users to access a central computer simultaneously. This concept evolved with advancements in networking and virtualization technologies throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The establishment of the ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet, further facilitated remote access to computing resources.
-As cloud computing matured, several organizations worked towards standardizing practices and protocols, ensuring more secure, reliable, and scalable services. These advances have allowed businesses to adopt cloud solutions more confidently, establishing a broad array of service models and deployment strategies.
+=== Commercialization and the Emergence of Cloud Services ===
+By the late 1990s, companies like Salesforce began offering software as a service (SaaS), marking an important milestone in the commercialization of cloud technologies. The phrase "cloud computing" was first coined around 2006, coinciding with significant investments in data centers and infrastructure by tech giants such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. Amazon's launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006 is often considered a pivotal moment in the cloud computing landscape, transitioning from traditional IT models to pay-as-you-go cloud services.
 == Architecture ==
-The architecture of cloud computing is built on several core components that facilitate its operational capabilities. Understanding these components is essential for comprehending how cloud services are structured and delivered.
-=== Service Models ===
+Cloud computing is characterized by its layered architecture, which is typically divided into three primary service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). These models define the different levels of abstraction offered by cloud providers and cater to distinct user needs.
-Cloud computing is generally categorized into three primary service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).
-* '''Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)''' provides virtualized computing resources over the Internet. Users can rent infrastructure, such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, and manage it via APIs or dashboards.
+=== Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) ===
-* '''Platform as a Service (PaaS)''' provides a platform that allows developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without worrying about the underlying hardware and software layers.
-* '''Software as a Service (SaaS)''' delivers software applications over the Internet on a subscription basis, eliminating the need for installations and maintenance on user devices.
+IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent IT infrastructure such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, allowing them to deploy and manage operating systems and applications. IaaS is particularly useful for businesses looking to avoid the costs and overhead associated with maintaining physical hardware. Notable providers of IaaS include AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
+=== Platform as a Service (PaaS) ===
+PaaS offers cloud components to users for application development without the complexities of managing the underlying infrastructure. Developers can build applications using the tools and services provided by the PaaS platform, including databases, middleware, and development frameworks. This model supports collaboration among development teams and accelerates the deployment of applications. Key PaaS providers include Heroku, Google App Engine, and Red Hat OpenShift.
+=== Software as a Service (SaaS) ===
+SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Instead of installing software on local computers, users access applications through web browsers. This model reduces the need for internal IT resources, simplifies maintenance, and allows for easy updates and scalability. Prominent examples of SaaS include Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365, and Google Workspace.
+== Implementation ==
+The implementation of cloud computing requires an understanding of various models and a strategic approach to integration within an organization. Factors such as data security, compliance, and performance should inform the deployment strategy.
-=== Deployment Models ===
+=== Migration Strategies ===
-Cloud computing can be deployed in various models, each suited for different organizational needs and policies.
-* '''Public Cloud''' is owned and operated by a third-party cloud service provider and delivers computing resources over the Internet. This model is typically less expensive due to shared resources.
-* '''Private Cloud''' is dedicated to a single organization, either hosted internally or by a third-party provider, offering enhanced security and control over the infrastructure.
-* '''Hybrid Cloud''' combines both public and private cloud solutions, providing greater flexibility by allowing data and applications to be shared across them.
-* '''Community Cloud''' involves a shared infrastructure for a specific community of users from organizations with shared concerns (e.g., security, compliance, jurisdiction).
-=== Key Technologies ===
+Organizations looking to migrate to cloud computing can adopt several strategies. The "lift-and-shift" approach involves transferring applications and workloads as they are from on-premises environments to the cloud without re-architecting. This method is often faster and less disruptive but may not leverage the full benefits of cloud-native solutions. Alternatively, businesses may choose to refactor applications to better fit the cloud environment, usually resulting in improved performance and scalability.
-Several foundational technologies underpin cloud computing, facilitating its efficiency and scalability:
-* '''Virtualization''' is a key technology that allows multiple virtual instances to run on a single physical server. This maximizes resource utilization and enhances provisioning speed.
-* '''Containers''' provide lightweight alternatives to traditional virtual machines, enabling application deployment in isolated environments while sharing the host OS.
-* '''Microservices''' architecture allows applications to be developed as a suite of small services, each running independently and communicating through APIs, promoting scalability and flexibility.
-== Implementation and Applications ==
+=== DevOps and Cloud Integration ===
-Cloud computing has a wide range of implementations across various sectors, demonstrating its versatility and efficiency for businesses and individuals alike.
-=== Business Applications ===
+The integration of DevOps practices into cloud deployments can enhance collaboration and streamline the development-to-production pipeline. Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) play crucial roles in ensuring that code changes are automatically tested and deployed, facilitating faster releases. Cloud-native tools and services can support these practices, enabling organizations to achieve greater agility in software development.
-Many organizations have leveraged cloud computing to streamline operations and improve efficiency. Applications in this realm include collaboration tools (such as Google Workspace and Microsoft 365), customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions. Businesses can dynamically scale their resource usage based on demands, ultimately lowering costs and enhancing productivity.
+=== Security and Compliance Considerations ===
+Security remains a paramount concern in cloud computing. Organizations must consider data privacy, compliance with regulations such as GDPR, and the protection of sensitive information. Cloud providers typically offer various security features, including encryption, identity management, and incident response. Additionally, organizations should implement robust policies and practices to secure their cloud environments, including regular security assessments and training for staff.
+== Applications ==
+The applications of cloud computing are vast and continue to evolve as technology advances. Industries across the spectrum leverage cloud-based solutions to enhance their operations and performance.
+=== Business and Enterprise Applications ===
+Many businesses utilize cloud computing for enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), and human resources management (HRM). By adopting SaaS solutions, organizations can streamline their processes, improve collaboration among teams, and gain access to real-time data analytics. This accessibility facilitates informed decision-making and improves operational efficiency.
 === Data Storage and Backup ===
-Cloud storage solutions, such as Amazon S3 and Google Drive, have transformed how individuals and businesses manage data. These services provide secure, reliable, and scalable storage options, allowing users to store and access data from any Internet-connected device. Furthermore, cloud backup solutions ensure data durability and recovery, minimizing disruption due to hardware failures or losses.
-=== Scientific Research and Development ===
+Cloud storage services offer scalable and cost-effective solutions for data storage and backups. Organizations can store vast amounts of data without the need for physical infrastructure, allowing for greater flexibility. In addition, many cloud providers feature backup and disaster recovery solutions that protect data from loss or corruption, ensuring business continuity.
-Cloud computing has played a pivotal role in scientific research and development. High-performance computing (HPC) resources available in the cloud enable researchers to conduct complex simulations and analyses without needing large on-premises data centers. Services like Google Cloud Platform and AWS offer tools and resources tailored for data scientists and researchers in fields such as genomics, climate modeling, and artificial intelligence.
 === Internet of Things (IoT) ===
-The integration of cloud computing with the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the development of robust frameworks for analyzing and managing data generated by various devices. In sectors such as healthcare, smart cities, and agriculture, cloud-enabled IoT solutions facilitate data collection, communication, processing, and analytics, driving innovation and operational efficiencies.
-=== Education ===
+The rise of IoT has been significantly supported by cloud computing capabilities. Cloud platforms provide the necessary infrastructure for processing and storing data generated by IoT devices. This relationship enables organizations to analyze data in real-time and utilize insights for optimizing operations, monitoring systems proactively, and enhancing customer experiences.
-Cloud services have revolutionized educational institutions by enabling remote learning through platforms like Moodle and Blackboard. These platforms provide tools for online course delivery, collaboration, and administration, making quality education more accessible to learners worldwide.
-=== Government Services ===
-Governments have increasingly adopted cloud computing to enhance the delivery of public services. Through cloud-based platforms, agencies can improve data sharing, reduce operational costs, and offer responsive services to citizens while maintaining compliance with privacy and security regulations.
 == Real-world Examples ==
-Cloud computing has had a profound influence on various industries, illustrating the benefits and flexibility of utilizing cloud-based resources.
-=== Tech Industry ===
+Several companies have successfully implemented cloud computing strategies, leading to notable transformations in their operations and services.
-In the technology sector, cloud computing enables rapid development and deployment of applications. Companies such as Netflix and Airbnb have effectively utilized cloud infrastructure to scale their services seamlessly to handle fluctuating user demands while maintaining responsiveness and reliability.
-=== Healthcare Sector ===
+=== Netflix ===
-Cloud computing facilitates advancements in healthcare technologies through secure data storage, telemedicine, and streamlined patient information management. For instance, electronic health record systems leverage cloud computing to enhance data sharing among healthcare providers, resulting in improved patient care.
-=== Financial Services ===
+Netflix, one of the largest streaming services globally, utilizes Amazon Web Services (AWS) to manage its data storage and content delivery. By leveraging cloud resources, Netflix can scale its infrastructure to accommodate fluctuating demands from users during peak viewing times, ensuring smooth service delivery. Furthermore, the cloud enables the company to innovate rapidly, experiment with new features, and enhance user experience.
-Financial institutions utilize cloud computing to support applications such as digital banking, fraud detection, and risk management. By using cloud infrastructure, banks can process transactions in real-time and store large volumes of data securely and efficiently, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
-=== Retail Market ===
+=== Airbnb ===
-Retailers have embraced cloud solutions to manage supply chains, inventories, and customer relationships. Cloud-based systems allow for real-time data tracking, enabling retailers to respond quickly to consumer demands, optimize stock levels, and personalize marketing efforts.
-=== Media and Entertainment ===
+Airbnb, a leading online marketplace for lodging and travel, employs cloud computing to handle its extensive data needs. The platform operates on AWS to manage user data, screen potential hosts, and provide personalized recommendations for travelers. This utilization of cloud services has enabled Airbnb to grow rapidly, adjust to market changes, and deliver a seamless experience to millions of users worldwide.
-Cloud computing has transformed how media and entertainment are produced, distributed, and consumed. Streaming services such as Spotify and Hulu rely on cloud infrastructure to deliver content to users globally, while production companies utilize cloud services for storage and collaboration on projects.
-== Criticism and Limitations ==
+=== Slack ===
-Despite the many advantages of cloud computing, there are several criticisms and limitations associated with its use.
-=== Security and Privacy Concerns ===
+Slack, a team collaboration tool, is built on a cloud-based infrastructure, allowing users to communicate and collaborate in real time. It leverages various cloud services for its messaging system, file sharing, and application integrations, providing a cohesive experience for remote teams and enhancing workplace productivity.
-One of the primary concerns surrounding cloud computing is the security and privacy of data. Storing sensitive information on cloud platforms raises questions about data breaches, unauthorized access, and compliance with regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Organizations must ensure adequate security measures are in place to protect their data.
-=== Downtime and Reliability ===
+== Criticism and Limitations ==
-While cloud service providers strive for high availability, outages occasionally occur. These downtimes can disrupt business operations and result in losses. Organizations must evaluate the reliability of their chosen cloud services and develop contingency plans in case of service interruptions.
-=== Data Lock-in ===
+Despite its many advantages, cloud computing is not without its challenges and criticisms.
-Cloud vendors may use proprietary technologies that create a barrier for customers wishing to switch providers, leading to vendor lock-in. This situation can restrict an organization’s flexibility and negotiate leverage, ultimately limiting strategic options if a better service becomes available.
-=== Costs and Unexpected Charges ===
+=== Potential Security Risks ===
-Although cloud computing can lead to cost savings, organizations must be cautious of usage spikes that could result in unexpectedly high bills. Moreover, businesses may incur additional costs for data transfer, input/output operations, or overprovisioning resources, requiring careful monitoring and management.
-=== Limited Control and Flexibility ===
+The transition to cloud services can lead to concerns about data breaches and unauthorized access. While cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, organizations are ultimately responsible for safeguarding their data. This shared responsibility model can create gaps if not managed adequately.
-When utilizing cloud services, customers typically relinquish a degree of control over their infrastructure and data management. This limitation can be problematic for organizations with specific compliance or operational requirements that necessitate close monitoring of their systems.
-== Future Trends ==
+=== Downtime and Reliability Issues ===
-The landscape of cloud computing continues to evolve, driven by technological advancements and shifting consumer demands. Several trends are likely to shape the future of this industry.
-=== Multi-Cloud Strategies ===
+Cloud computing services are not immune to outages. Downtime can result in substantial loss for organizations that rely heavily on cloud infrastructure for their operations. Understanding the terms of service, particularly related to uptime guarantees and service level agreements (SLAs), is critical for businesses before transitioning to the cloud.
-Organizations are increasingly adopting multi-cloud strategies, leveraging the best offerings from various cloud service providers. This approach enhances flexibility, minimizes vendor lock-in, and optimizes performance based on specific service requirements.
-=== Edge Computing ===
+=== Vendor Lock-In ===
-With the rise of IoT devices, there is a growing emphasis on edge computing, which involves processing data near the source rather than relying solely on centralized cloud data centers. This model can significantly reduce latency and improve real-time data processing capabilities, making it critical for applications that require rapid responses.
-=== Artificial Intelligence Integration ===
+Dependency on a single cloud provider can lead to vendor lock-in, where organizations face challenges when attempting to migrate to another service or platform. This situation can limit flexibility and increase costs, making it crucial for businesses to evaluate multi-cloud strategies to mitigate such risks.
-The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) within cloud computing is transforming service offerings. Cloud providers are embedding AI tools and services, allowing organizations to analyze vast amounts of data, automate operations, and derive insights more effectively.
-=== Serverless Computing ===
+== See also ==
-The serverless computing model allows developers to build and deploy applications without managing server infrastructure. This new paradigm can significantly reduce operational complexity, allowing organizations to focus on development rather than infrastructure management.
+* [[Grid computing]]
-=== Sustainability Initiatives ===
-As environmental concerns gain prominence, cloud service providers are making investments in sustainable practices by optimizing their data centers and utilizing renewable energy sources. Organizations are increasingly prioritizing these considerations in their cloud strategies.
-== See Also ==
 * [[Virtualization]]
-* [[Big Data]]
+* [[Software as a Service]]
+* [[Disaster recovery]]
+* [[Big data]]
 * [[Internet of Things]]
-* [[Cybersecurity]]
-* [[Blockchain]]
 == References ==
 * [https://aws.amazon.com/ Amazon Web Services]
 * [https://cloud.google.com/ Google Cloud Platform]
-* [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-platform Microsoft Azure]
+* [https://azure.microsoft.com/ Microsoft Azure]
-* [https://www.ibm.com/cloud IBM Cloud]
+* [https://www.salesforce.com/ Salesforce]
-* [https://www.salesforce.com/ Salesforce]
+* [https://www.office.com/ Microsoft Office 365]
-* [https://www.oracle.com/cloud/ Oracle Cloud]
+* [https://workspace.google.com/ Google Workspace]
-* [https://www.vmware.com/solutions/cloud.html VMware Cloud]
+* [https://heroku.com/ Heroku]
-* [https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/cloud-computing Red Hat Cloud]
+* [https://www.redhat.com/en/openshift Red Hat OpenShift]
-* [https://www.digitalocean.com/ DigitalOcean]
-* [https://www.dropbox.com/ Dropbox]
-* [https://www.box.com/ Box]
-[[Category:Computing]]
+[[Category:Cloud computing]]
 [[Category:Information technology]]
-[[Category:Cloud computing]]
+[[Category:Internet technologies]]