Open Source Software: Difference between revisions

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== Open Source Software ==

'''Open Source Software''' is software that is released with its source code made available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. This philosophy promotes a collaborative and transparent approach to software development, in contrast to proprietary software, where the source code is kept secret. Open source software can be free to use and modify, allowing individuals and organizations the freedom to adapt the software to their needs and contribute improvements back to the community.

=== ~~Introduction~~ ===

== History ==

Open source software (OSS) is a term used to describe software whose source code is made freely available for anyone to inspect, modify, and enhance. This approach to software development encourages collaboration and transparency, allowing users and developers to share their contributions with a broader community. Open source software spans a myriad of applications, from operating systems to web servers and applications, fostering an environment where innovation can thrive without the restrictions often imposed by proprietary software licenses.

~~=== History ===~~

The concept of open source software can be traced back to the early days of computing when programmers shared their code freely with one another. The term "open source" was officially coined in 1998 by a group of developers and advocates seeking to promote a more organized movement around it. This was propelled by the growing awareness of software licensing issues, particularly as software became a commercial enterprise.

The concept of open source software ~~emerged in~~ the ~~1980s, primarily attributed to Richard Stallman and his establishment~~ of ~~the Free Software Foundation in 1985. Stallman introduced the GNU (GNU's Not Unix!) operating system, which aimed to create a completely free operating system~~. The 1998 ~~release~~ of ~~the Open Source Initiative (OSI) by Bruce Perens~~ and ~~Eric S~~. ~~Raymond marked a significant moment in~~ the ~~open source movement~~, ~~promoting the term "open source"~~ as a ~~more palatable alternative to "free software" for~~ commercial ~~entities~~.

~~Since then~~, the open source ~~paradigm has gained momentum, resulting in significant projects, including~~ the ~~Linux operating system~~, ~~Apache web server~~, and ~~the Mozilla Firefox browser~~. The ~~rise~~ of the ~~internet has further facilitated~~ the ~~proliferation of open source~~ software~~, allowing developers from diverse backgrounds and geographies to collaborate more effectively~~.

In 1983, Richard Stallman initiated the Free Software Movement, which laid the groundwork for open source software by arguing for the users' freedom to run, modify, and share software. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) was established by Stallman in 1985 to promote and defend these principles. A cornerstone of this movement was the GNU General Public License (GPL), which was created in 1989 to grant users the freedom to modify and distribute software under specific conditions.

~~=== Design and Architecture ===~~

The open source concept gained significant momentum in the late 1990s with the formation of the Open Source Initiative (OSI) in 1998. The OSI aimed to advocate for the adoption of open source principles and to provide a certification mark for open source software licenses. This helped to distinguish open source software from free software, particularly in the context of business and commercial markets.

~~Open~~ source ~~software is designed~~ with ~~principles that prioritize community involvement and transparency~~. The ~~design philosophy encourages modular architecture, whereby components can be developed~~ and ~~improved independently~~. This ~~modularity allows different parts of the~~ software ~~to be maintained by various contributors~~, ~~making it easier to integrate new features~~ and ~~fix bugs~~.

~~Additionally~~, open source ~~licenses, such as~~ the ~~GNU General Public License (GPL)~~, ~~the MIT License~~, ~~and~~ the ~~Apache License~~, ~~provide legal frameworks that govern how~~ the software ~~can be used, copied, modified,~~ and ~~distributed. These licenses affirm users' rights to engage with the software while also protecting developers from misuse of their contributions~~.

As the internet expanded, so did the distribution of open source software. Projects like the Linux operating system, which was released in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, exemplified the power of collaborative development, leading to the popularity of open source software in both server and desktop environments.

=== ~~Usage and Implementation~~ ===

== Principles of Open Source Software ==

The adoption of open source software has been embraced by individuals, small businesses, and large enterprises alike. Prominent applications of OSS can be found in various sectors, including education, science, and government. Organizations often use open source tools to reduce costs, gain flexibility, avoid vendor lock-in, and foster innovation.

~~Open~~ source software has gained particular traction in the server domain, with the Linux operating system powering a majority of the world's web servers. It also plays an essential role in cloud computing, with platforms like OpenStack and Kubernetes being widely leveraged. Furthermore, in ~~recent years, many companies have adopted DevOps practices, which utilize open source tools to streamline~~ development and ~~operations processes~~.

The foundation of open source software is grounded in several key principles that guide its development and usage.

=== ~~Real-world Examples~~ ===

=== Transparency ===

~~Several high-profile projects and applications exemplify the success of open source software.~~

~~One~~ of the ~~most notable examples is~~ the ~~Linux operating system~~, which ~~powers a vast range of devices, from smartphones to supercomputers~~. ~~The Android operating system~~, ~~built on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant platform for mobile phones globally~~.

Transparency in software development is one of the essential tenets of open source software. By making the source code available to the public, developers allow anyone to inspect the code, which enhances security by enabling peer review. Vulnerabilities can be identified and addressed more rapidly than in closed-source alternatives, where issues may remain hidden until they are exploited.

Other widely used open source projects include the Apache HTTP Server, which serves over 25% of all websites; the MySQL database management system, which is extensively utilized in web applications; and the LibreOffice suite, which serves as a free alternative to proprietary office software like Microsoft Office.

=== Collaboration ===

~~=== Criticism and Controversies ===~~

Open source encourages collaborative development. Diverse teams of developers can contribute to a project from different geographical and cultural backgrounds. This collective contribution often leads to innovative solutions and improvements that would not be possible in a closed environment. Collaboration is facilitated through various platforms, such as GitHub and GitLab, which provide tools for version control and issue tracking.

~~Despite its many advantages, open~~ source ~~software is not without criticism~~. ~~One~~ of ~~the primary concerns is the perceived lack of support in comparison~~ to ~~proprietary~~ solutions, ~~where companies often provide dedicated customer service. While many open source projects do offer community support~~ and ~~professional services~~, ~~the quality~~ and ~~availability can vary greatly~~.

Additionally, the security of open source software has been a topic of debate. Critics argue that while the open nature of the code allows for scrutiny and quick identification of vulnerabilities, it also exposes software to potential exploitation by malicious actors. However, proponents maintain that community involvement and peer review often result in quicker fixes and a more secure environment overall.

=== Community-Driven Development ===

~~=== Influence and Impact ===~~

Open source software is often driven by communities of users and developers who share a common interest in the software’s functionality or potential. As community members suggest features, report bugs, and contribute code, the software evolves based on user needs rather than corporate agendas. This user involvement fosters a sense of ownership and loyalty among users.

Open source software ~~has had~~ a ~~profound impact on~~ the ~~software industry and broader technology landscape~~. ~~Its collaborative model has influenced software development methodologies~~, ~~encouraging agile practices~~ and ~~DevOps culture. Additionally~~, the ~~success of open source projects has spurred the growth~~ of ~~tech communities and initiatives focused on collaborative development~~ and ~~knowledge sharing~~.

The principles of open source have transcended software, influencing areas such as open hardware, open data, and open science. These movements advocate for transparency and accessibility beyond traditional software, promoting the idea that knowledge and technological innovations should be available to everyone.

=== Licensing ===

=== See also ===

Licenses play a critical role in defining the terms under which software can be used, modified, and shared. There are multiple types of open source licenses, ranging from permissive licenses like the MIT License, which allow code to be used with minimal restrictions, to copyleft licenses like the GPL, which require derivative works to also be open source. This licensing framework ensures that the freedoms intended by open source are preserved.

== Implementation and Applications ==

Open source software has found a wide range of implementations across various industries and applications.

=== Operating Systems ===

One of the most significant successes of open source software is found in operating systems such as Linux. Developed by a global community, Linux powers the majority of the world's servers and is renowned for its stability, security, and performance. Organizations can leverage Linux to run critical applications without the hefty licensing fees associated with proprietary operating systems.

=== Web Servers and Hosting ===

Open source software has revolutionized the web hosting industry. Popular web servers such as Apache and Nginx are open source, enabling companies and individuals to host websites without incurring high costs. Additionally, content management systems (CMS) like WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla are built on open-source platforms, allowing users to create and manage websites easily.

=== Development Tools ===

Open source has profoundly influenced software development itself. Tools such as Git for version control, Jenkins for continuous integration, and numerous libraries and frameworks across languages are widely utilized. These tools not only enhance development efficiency but also contribute to the overall innovation in software engineering practices.

=== Scientific Research ===

The open source model has also manifested in scientific research software. Instruments such as R and Python’s scientific libraries provide researchers with powerful tools for data analysis and visualization. By sharing research software openly, scholars and scientists can replicate studies and build upon one another’s work, thereby accelerating the pace of innovation in various fields.

=== Education ===

Open source software plays a significant role in education. Platforms like Moodle and Sakai provide tools for creating and managing online courses. Moreover, educational institutions often use open source software to avoid costs associated with proprietary licenses, thereby democratizing access to education and technology.

== Real-world Examples ==

There are numerous successful examples of open source software projects that exemplify the movement’s principles and effectiveness.

=== Linux ===

The Linux operating system is perhaps the most famous open source project in existence. Initiated by Linus Torvalds in 1991, Linux has grown into a foundational technology that powers everything from web servers to smartphones. With a diverse array of distributions, including Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS, Linux has become a preferred choice for enterprises and developers alike due to its configurability, robustness, and cost-effectiveness.

=== LibreOffice ===

LibreOffice is an open source office suite that offers an alternative to proprietary products like Microsoft Office. It includes applications for word processing, spreadsheet management, and presentations among others. The software is developed by The Document Foundation and is widely used in both personal and professional settings, ensuring users have access to powerful productivity tools without vendor lock-in.

=== Mozilla Firefox ===

Mozilla Firefox is a well-known open source web browser that emphasizes user privacy and openness. Launched in 2002, Firefox provides users with a customizable browsing experience and is complemented by a rich ecosystem of plugins and add-ons. Mozilla’s commitment to open-source principles and user choice has allowed it to maintain a robust user base in the competitive browser market.

=== Android ===

The Android operating system is built on open source technologies, specifically derived from the Linux kernel. Android has revolutionized the mobile industry, powering the majority of smartphones and tablets globally. While many of the applications on Android are proprietary, the underlying platform allows manufacturers and developers to modify and adapt the system to suit specific devices and requirements.

=== WordPress ===

WordPress is a widely used content management system that powers over 40% of the internet's websites. First released in 2003, it is an open source project that allows users to create and manage websites easily. The extensive plugin and theme ecosystem ensures that users can customize their site to a great extent, furthering the community-driven development ethos.

== Criticism and Limitations ==

Despite its numerous advantages, open source software faces criticisms and limitations that can impact its widespread adoption.

=== Complexity and Usability ===

Open source software can sometimes be perceived as complex and less user-friendly compared to proprietary alternatives. While many open source projects have made significant strides in usability, the learning curve associated with certain tools and software can deter non-technical users. This complexity can create barriers to entry for users who do not have a background in software or technology.

=== Fragmentation ===

The abundance of open source projects can lead to fragmentation within the community. Similar tools or software can proliferate, causing confusion among users regarding which option to choose. Over time, this can make it challenging for developers to prioritize and maintain projects as resources may be split among many competing initiatives.

=== Support and Maintenance ===

Unlike commercial software, open source projects may not always have dedicated support staff. This can lead to challenges in troubleshooting and maintaining critical systems, especially for organizations that require ongoing support. Many open source projects rely on community support, which can be inconsistent. While some projects have strong communities with responsive contributors, others may lack sufficient engagement, impacting long-term stability.

=== Security Concerns ===

While open source software can enhance security through transparency, it is not immune to vulnerabilities. The very openness that allows anyone to inspect the code also allows malicious actors to identify exploit opportunities. Additionally, the varying skill levels of contributors can lead to inconsistent code quality, introducing potential security flaws. Organizations must take due diligence in reviewing and testing open source software before implementation.

=== Compatibility Issues ===

Compatibility can also be a limitation for open source software, particularly in enterprise environments where legacy systems are involved. An open source solution may not always offer seamless integration with existing proprietary systems, which can lead to inefficiencies and additional costs associated with bridging the gap between different software solutions.

== See also ==

* [[Free software]]

* [[Open ~~Source Initiative~~]]

* [[Open-source hardware]]

* [[~~Linux]]~~

* [[Open-source software licensing]]

* [[Apache HTTP Server]]

* [[GNU General Public License]]

* [[GNU]]

* [[Software development]]

* [[~~Community-driven~~ development]]

=== References ===

== References ==

* [https://opensource.org Open Source Initiative]

* [https://www.fsf.org Free Software Foundation]

* [https://www.~~linuxfoundation~~.~~org~~ The Linux Foundation]

* [https://www.linux.com The Linux Foundation]

* [https://~~www.apache~~.org ~~Apache Software Foundation~~]

* [https://libreoffice.org LibreOffice Official Site]

* [https://www.mozilla.org ~~Mozilla~~]

* [https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/ Firefox Official Site]

[[Category:Software]]

[[Category:Free software]]

[[Category:Open-source software]]

[[Category:Open source software]]

~~[[Category:Software categories~~]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Open Source Software ==
+'''Open Source Software''' is software that is released with its source code made available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. This philosophy promotes a collaborative and transparent approach to software development, in contrast to proprietary software, where the source code is kept secret. Open source software can be free to use and modify, allowing individuals and organizations the freedom to adapt the software to their needs and contribute improvements back to the community.
-=== Introduction ===
+== History ==
-Open source software (OSS) is a term used to describe software whose source code is made freely available for anyone to inspect, modify, and enhance. This approach to software development encourages collaboration and transparency, allowing users and developers to share their contributions with a broader community. Open source software spans a myriad of applications, from operating systems to web servers and applications, fostering an environment where innovation can thrive without the restrictions often imposed by proprietary software licenses.
-=== History ===
+The concept of open source software can be traced back to the early days of computing when programmers shared their code freely with one another. The term "open source" was officially coined in 1998 by a group of developers and advocates seeking to promote a more organized movement around it. This was propelled by the growing awareness of software licensing issues, particularly as software became a commercial enterprise.
-The concept of open source software emerged in the 1980s, primarily attributed to Richard Stallman and his establishment of the Free Software Foundation in 1985. Stallman introduced the GNU (GNU's Not Unix!) operating system, which aimed to create a completely free operating system. The 1998 release of the Open Source Initiative (OSI) by Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond marked a significant moment in the open source movement, promoting the term "open source" as a more palatable alternative to "free software" for commercial entities.
-Since then, the open source paradigm has gained momentum, resulting in significant projects, including the Linux operating system, Apache web server, and the Mozilla Firefox browser. The rise of the internet has further facilitated the proliferation of open source software, allowing developers from diverse backgrounds and geographies to collaborate more effectively.
+In 1983, Richard Stallman initiated the Free Software Movement, which laid the groundwork for open source software by arguing for the users' freedom to run, modify, and share software. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) was established by Stallman in 1985 to promote and defend these principles. A cornerstone of this movement was the GNU General Public License (GPL), which was created in 1989 to grant users the freedom to modify and distribute software under specific conditions.
-=== Design and Architecture ===
+The open source concept gained significant momentum in the late 1990s with the formation of the Open Source Initiative (OSI) in 1998. The OSI aimed to advocate for the adoption of open source principles and to provide a certification mark for open source software licenses. This helped to distinguish open source software from free software, particularly in the context of business and commercial markets.
-Open source software is designed with principles that prioritize community involvement and transparency. The design philosophy encourages modular architecture, whereby components can be developed and improved independently. This modularity allows different parts of the software to be maintained by various contributors, making it easier to integrate new features and fix bugs.
-Additionally, open source licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL), the MIT License, and the Apache License, provide legal frameworks that govern how the software can be used, copied, modified, and distributed. These licenses affirm users' rights to engage with the software while also protecting developers from misuse of their contributions.
+As the internet expanded, so did the distribution of open source software. Projects like the Linux operating system, which was released in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, exemplified the power of collaborative development, leading to the popularity of open source software in both server and desktop environments.
-=== Usage and Implementation ===
+== Principles of Open Source Software ==
-The adoption of open source software has been embraced by individuals, small businesses, and large enterprises alike. Prominent applications of OSS can be found in various sectors, including education, science, and government. Organizations often use open source tools to reduce costs, gain flexibility, avoid vendor lock-in, and foster innovation.
-Open source software has gained particular traction in the server domain, with the Linux operating system powering a majority of the world's web servers. It also plays an essential role in cloud computing, with platforms like OpenStack and Kubernetes being widely leveraged. Furthermore, in recent years, many companies have adopted DevOps practices, which utilize open source tools to streamline development and operations processes.
+The foundation of open source software is grounded in several key principles that guide its development and usage.
-=== Real-world Examples ===
+=== Transparency ===
-Several high-profile projects and applications exemplify the success of open source software.
-One of the most notable examples is the Linux operating system, which powers a vast range of devices, from smartphones to supercomputers. The Android operating system, built on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant platform for mobile phones globally.
+Transparency in software development is one of the essential tenets of open source software. By making the source code available to the public, developers allow anyone to inspect the code, which enhances security by enabling peer review. Vulnerabilities can be identified and addressed more rapidly than in closed-source alternatives, where issues may remain hidden until they are exploited.
-Other widely used open source projects include the Apache HTTP Server, which serves over 25% of all websites; the MySQL database management system, which is extensively utilized in web applications; and the LibreOffice suite, which serves as a free alternative to proprietary office software like Microsoft Office.
+=== Collaboration ===
-=== Criticism and Controversies ===
+Open source encourages collaborative development. Diverse teams of developers can contribute to a project from different geographical and cultural backgrounds. This collective contribution often leads to innovative solutions and improvements that would not be possible in a closed environment. Collaboration is facilitated through various platforms, such as GitHub and GitLab, which provide tools for version control and issue tracking.
-Despite its many advantages, open source software is not without criticism. One of the primary concerns is the perceived lack of support in comparison to proprietary solutions, where companies often provide dedicated customer service. While many open source projects do offer community support and professional services, the quality and availability can vary greatly.
-Additionally, the security of open source software has been a topic of debate. Critics argue that while the open nature of the code allows for scrutiny and quick identification of vulnerabilities, it also exposes software to potential exploitation by malicious actors. However, proponents maintain that community involvement and peer review often result in quicker fixes and a more secure environment overall.
+=== Community-Driven Development ===
-=== Influence and Impact ===
+Open source software is often driven by communities of users and developers who share a common interest in the software’s functionality or potential. As community members suggest features, report bugs, and contribute code, the software evolves based on user needs rather than corporate agendas. This user involvement fosters a sense of ownership and loyalty among users.
-Open source software has had a profound impact on the software industry and broader technology landscape. Its collaborative model has influenced software development methodologies, encouraging agile practices and DevOps culture. Additionally, the success of open source projects has spurred the growth of tech communities and initiatives focused on collaborative development and knowledge sharing.
-The principles of open source have transcended software, influencing areas such as open hardware, open data, and open science. These movements advocate for transparency and accessibility beyond traditional software, promoting the idea that knowledge and technological innovations should be available to everyone.
+=== Licensing ===
-=== See also ===
+Licenses play a critical role in defining the terms under which software can be used, modified, and shared. There are multiple types of open source licenses, ranging from permissive licenses like the MIT License, which allow code to be used with minimal restrictions, to copyleft licenses like the GPL, which require derivative works to also be open source. This licensing framework ensures that the freedoms intended by open source are preserved.
+== Implementation and Applications ==
+Open source software has found a wide range of implementations across various industries and applications.
+=== Operating Systems ===
+One of the most significant successes of open source software is found in operating systems such as Linux. Developed by a global community, Linux powers the majority of the world's servers and is renowned for its stability, security, and performance. Organizations can leverage Linux to run critical applications without the hefty licensing fees associated with proprietary operating systems.
+=== Web Servers and Hosting ===
+Open source software has revolutionized the web hosting industry. Popular web servers such as Apache and Nginx are open source, enabling companies and individuals to host websites without incurring high costs. Additionally, content management systems (CMS) like WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla are built on open-source platforms, allowing users to create and manage websites easily.
+=== Development Tools ===
+Open source has profoundly influenced software development itself. Tools such as Git for version control, Jenkins for continuous integration, and numerous libraries and frameworks across languages are widely utilized. These tools not only enhance development efficiency but also contribute to the overall innovation in software engineering practices.
+=== Scientific Research ===
+The open source model has also manifested in scientific research software. Instruments such as R and Python’s scientific libraries provide researchers with powerful tools for data analysis and visualization. By sharing research software openly, scholars and scientists can replicate studies and build upon one another’s work, thereby accelerating the pace of innovation in various fields.
+=== Education ===
+Open source software plays a significant role in education. Platforms like Moodle and Sakai provide tools for creating and managing online courses. Moreover, educational institutions often use open source software to avoid costs associated with proprietary licenses, thereby democratizing access to education and technology.
+== Real-world Examples ==
+There are numerous successful examples of open source software projects that exemplify the movement’s principles and effectiveness.
+=== Linux ===
+The Linux operating system is perhaps the most famous open source project in existence. Initiated by Linus Torvalds in 1991, Linux has grown into a foundational technology that powers everything from web servers to smartphones. With a diverse array of distributions, including Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS, Linux has become a preferred choice for enterprises and developers alike due to its configurability, robustness, and cost-effectiveness.
+=== LibreOffice ===
+LibreOffice is an open source office suite that offers an alternative to proprietary products like Microsoft Office. It includes applications for word processing, spreadsheet management, and presentations among others. The software is developed by The Document Foundation and is widely used in both personal and professional settings, ensuring users have access to powerful productivity tools without vendor lock-in.
+=== Mozilla Firefox ===
+Mozilla Firefox is a well-known open source web browser that emphasizes user privacy and openness. Launched in 2002, Firefox provides users with a customizable browsing experience and is complemented by a rich ecosystem of plugins and add-ons. Mozilla’s commitment to open-source principles and user choice has allowed it to maintain a robust user base in the competitive browser market.
+=== Android ===
+The Android operating system is built on open source technologies, specifically derived from the Linux kernel. Android has revolutionized the mobile industry, powering the majority of smartphones and tablets globally. While many of the applications on Android are proprietary, the underlying platform allows manufacturers and developers to modify and adapt the system to suit specific devices and requirements.
+=== WordPress ===
+WordPress is a widely used content management system that powers over 40% of the internet's websites. First released in 2003, it is an open source project that allows users to create and manage websites easily. The extensive plugin and theme ecosystem ensures that users can customize their site to a great extent, furthering the community-driven development ethos.
+== Criticism and Limitations ==
+Despite its numerous advantages, open source software faces criticisms and limitations that can impact its widespread adoption.
+=== Complexity and Usability ===
+Open source software can sometimes be perceived as complex and less user-friendly compared to proprietary alternatives. While many open source projects have made significant strides in usability, the learning curve associated with certain tools and software can deter non-technical users. This complexity can create barriers to entry for users who do not have a background in software or technology.
+=== Fragmentation ===
+The abundance of open source projects can lead to fragmentation within the community. Similar tools or software can proliferate, causing confusion among users regarding which option to choose. Over time, this can make it challenging for developers to prioritize and maintain projects as resources may be split among many competing initiatives.
+=== Support and Maintenance ===
+Unlike commercial software, open source projects may not always have dedicated support staff. This can lead to challenges in troubleshooting and maintaining critical systems, especially for organizations that require ongoing support. Many open source projects rely on community support, which can be inconsistent. While some projects have strong communities with responsive contributors, others may lack sufficient engagement, impacting long-term stability.
+=== Security Concerns ===
+While open source software can enhance security through transparency, it is not immune to vulnerabilities. The very openness that allows anyone to inspect the code also allows malicious actors to identify exploit opportunities. Additionally, the varying skill levels of contributors can lead to inconsistent code quality, introducing potential security flaws. Organizations must take due diligence in reviewing and testing open source software before implementation.
+=== Compatibility Issues ===
+Compatibility can also be a limitation for open source software, particularly in enterprise environments where legacy systems are involved. An open source solution may not always offer seamless integration with existing proprietary systems, which can lead to inefficiencies and additional costs associated with bridging the gap between different software solutions.
+== See also ==
 * [[Free software]]
-* [[Open Source Initiative]]
+* [[Open-source hardware]]
-* [[Linux]]
+* [[Open-source software licensing]]
-* [[Apache HTTP Server]]
+* [[GNU General Public License]]
-* [[GNU]]
+* [[Software development]]
-* [[Community-driven development]]
-=== References ===
+== References ==
 * [https://opensource.org Open Source Initiative]
 * [https://www.fsf.org Free Software Foundation]
-* [https://www.linuxfoundation.org The Linux Foundation]
+* [https://www.linux.com The Linux Foundation]
-* [https://www.apache.org Apache Software Foundation]
+* [https://libreoffice.org LibreOffice Official Site]
-* [https://www.mozilla.org Mozilla]
+* [https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/ Firefox Official Site]
+[[Category:Software]]
 [[Category:Free software]]
-[[Category:Open-source software]]
+[[Category:Open source software]]
-[[Category:Software categories]]