Network Security: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:46, 6 July 2025

Network Security is the practice of protecting computer networks from intruders, whether they are targeted attackers or opportunistic malware. This field covers the policies, practices, and technologies that are employed to prevent unauthorized access, misuse, malfunction, modification, destruction, or improper disclosure of networks and their resources. Network security is a critical area in the broader domain of information security, focusing on the protection of networks and the data transmitted through them.

Background

Network security has evolved significantly over the years, paralleling advances in technology and the increasing sophistication of cyber threats. In the early days of computing, network security primarily involved measures such as user authentication and access controls. As organizations began to adopt more complex infrastructure—principally with the advent of the Internet—network security strategies also had to evolve.

Early Developments

The origins of network security can be traced back to the 1970s and 1980s with the development of the ARPANET, the precursor to the modern Internet. Security measures were rudimentary at that stage, often focusing on physical security and basic user authentication. The introduction of TCP/IP protocols in the 1980s set the stage for more widespread network connectivity, but it also opened new avenues for exploitation.

As computer networks grew more interconnected, incidents of hacking and other forms of cyber attacks began to increase. By the 1990s, high-profile breaches led to a greater emphasis on security mechanisms such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and anti-virus software. The development of the World Wide Web further expanded the surface area for attacks, prompting organizations to adopt more comprehensive security measures.

Legislation and Regulation

In response to the growing threat landscape, various regulatory frameworks began to emerge. Legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe enforced stringent requirements for data protection and network security. Compliance with such regulations has become a significant consideration for organizations worldwide, driving the adoption of robust security practices.

Architecture

The architecture of network security involves a combination of hardware and software components designed to protect network resources. It encompasses firewalls, intrusion detection systems, virtual private networks (VPNs), and more, creating a layered security framework.

Layers of Security

Network security architecture is often described through several layers, commonly categorized into perimeter security, internal security, and endpoint security.

Perimeter security represents the first line of defense, typically employing firewalls to monitor and control incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules. Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) serve as fundamental components within this layer, helping to identify and respond to potential security breaches in real-time.

Internal security measures focus on safeguarding the infrastructure within the organization. This includes segmentation of networks into different zones, limiting access to sensitive data, and implementing role-based access controls (RBAC) to restrict user privileges according to necessity.

Endpoint security protects the devices that connect to the network. This encompasses anti-virus solutions, malware detection systems, and endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools. It ensures that every device connected to the network meets specific security standards, significantly reducing the risk of intrusion.

Security Protocols

Various security protocols play essential roles within network security architecture. These include:

**Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS)**: Protocols designed to secure communications over the Internet by encrypting data in transit.
**Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)**: A suite of protocols that authenticate and encrypt IP packets between devices, commonly used in VPNs.
**Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Security**: Enhancements to traditional SMTP to secure email transmissions.

Understanding and implementing these protocols are vital for building resilient network security frameworks.

Implementation

The implementation of network security involves practical steps organizations take to safeguard their digital assets. It encompasses the development of a comprehensive security policy, utilization of technological solutions, and regular training for staff.

Security Policies

A well-defined security policy serves as the foundation for an effective network security strategy. It outlines the guidelines for acceptable use, access controls, incident response, and user responsibilities. The policy should be a living document that is regularly updated to reflect changes in the threat landscape and organizational structure.

In addition to defining responsibilities, a security policy also details procedures for incident management, encompassing detection, response, and recovery processes. An organization must prepare for potential security incidents to mitigate damage and ensure rapid recovery.

Technological Solutions

The technological landscape of network security includes a variety of tools and software solutions. Firewalls form the frontline defense, inspecting data packets and allowing or blocking traffic based on set security rules. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) identify potential intrusions and generate alerts for investigation, whereas intrusion prevention systems (IPS) take proactive measures to block such threats.

Endpoint protection platforms (EPP) enable organizations to secure devices connecting to their networks, using anti-malware and behavioral analysis techniques. The implementation of multi-factor authentication (MFA) is becoming increasingly common, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access by requiring multiple forms of verification.

Training and Awareness

Beyond technology, the human element often represents the greatest vulnerability in network security. Employees must be trained in best security practices, such as recognizing phishing attempts, creating strong passwords, and adhering to the organization’s security policies. Regular security awareness training is crucial, helping staff to stay informed about new threats and practices.

Testing employees through simulated phishing attacks and other exercises can also enhance their preparedness and responsiveness to real security threats.

Real-world Examples

To illustrate the significance of network security, this section explores notable cases that highlight security breaches and the resultant lessons learned.

Target Data Breach (2013)

In 2013, retail giant Target experienced one of the largest data breaches in history, affecting over 40 million credit and debit card accounts. The breach occurred due to compromised third-party vendor credentials, allowing hackers to access Target’s network. This incident underscored the vulnerability presented by third-party vendors and emphasized the importance of robust network security measures and protocols to ensure vendor compliance.

Following the breach, Target implemented new security measures, including end-to-end encryption of card data, improved monitoring of systems, and heightened scrutiny of vendor security practices. The incident served as a wake-up call for many businesses regarding the vulnerabilities inherent in reliance on external partners.

Equifax Data Breach (2017)

In 2017, Equifax, one of the largest credit reporting agencies, suffered a breach that exposed personal information of approximately 147 million individuals. The breach was attributed to a failure to patch a known vulnerability within the company’s web application framework. This event highlighted the critical importance of maintaining up-to-date software systems and promptly applying security patches.

The fallout from the Equifax breach was significant, leading to strict scrutiny from regulators and customers alike. It prompted a nationwide conversation regarding data protection practices and the responsibility organizations have to safeguard consumer information.

SolarWinds Cyberattack (2020)

The SolarWinds cyberattack was a sophisticated supply chain breach that impacted numerous organizations, including several U.S. government agencies. The attack involved the compromise of the SolarWinds Orion software, allowing attackers to gain access to the networks of its clients. This incident emphasized the complexities and vulnerabilities of modern networks, particularly with regard to third-party software and services.

The SolarWinds attack prompted a reevaluation of supply chain security protocols and highlighted the need for transparent communication between companies regarding security practices. The incident underscored that a defense-in-depth approach that includes thorough vetting of software and services is essential.

Criticism and Limitations

While effective network security measures are critical to safeguarding digital assets, there are inherent limitations and criticisms associated with such measures.

Cost Implications

Implementing a robust network security infrastructure can be costly. Organizations often face trade-offs between investing in advanced security technologies and allocating resources to other business operations. Smaller businesses tend to feel the constraints of limited budgets more acutely, potentially leaving them more vulnerable to breaches. This raises questions about equitable access to robust security measures across various industries.

Compliance vs. Security

The pressure to comply with regulatory frameworks can sometimes result in a compliance-focused mindset rather than fostering a culture of true security. Organizations may prioritize meeting minimum requirements to avoid penalties, inadvertently creating gaps in their security postures. This mentality can lead to neglect of holistic security practices that go beyond compliance, resulting in vulnerabilities that are exploited by attackers.

Human Factor

Despite technological advancements, human error remains a critical vulnerability in network security. Employees may unintentionally compromise security through careless actions, such as using weak passwords or falling victim to social engineering attacks. Organizations must balance the implementation of sophisticated security measures with continuous training and awareness efforts targeting human factors.

References

[1] Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
[2] Australian Cyber Security Centre
[3] National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework
[4] ISO/IEC 27001 - Information security management systems
[5] SANS Institute - Security Policy Resource

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Network Security ==
+'''Network Security''' is the practice of protecting computer networks from intruders, whether they are targeted attackers or opportunistic malware. This field covers the policies, practices, and technologies that are employed to prevent unauthorized access, misuse, malfunction, modification, destruction, or improper disclosure of networks and their resources. Network security is a critical area in the broader domain of information security, focusing on the protection of networks and the data transmitted through them.
-'''Network Security''' refers to the set of policies, practices, and technologies designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and accessibility of computer networks and their data. It encompasses a range of measures taken to monitor and control access to networks, preventing unauthorized access, misuse, malfunction, modification, destruction, or improper disclosure of information. In an era where cyber threats are increasingly prevalent, network security has emerged as a critical aspect of information technology.
+== Background ==
-== Introduction ==
+Network security has evolved significantly over the years, paralleling advances in technology and the increasing sophistication of cyber threats. In the early days of computing, network security primarily involved measures such as user authentication and access controls. As organizations began to adopt more complex infrastructure—principally with the advent of the Internet—network security strategies also had to evolve.
-The rapid growth of the internet and reliance on networked systems has made network security vital for organizations, governments, and individuals alike. As digital threats evolve, the need for robust security measures to protect networks from unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber-attacks becomes increasingly important. This article explores various aspects of network security, including its historical development, design principles, implementation strategies, and real-world applications.
+=== Early Developments ===
-== History ==
+The origins of network security can be traced back to the 1970s and 1980s with the development of the ARPANET, the precursor to the modern Internet. Security measures were rudimentary at that stage, often focusing on physical security and basic user authentication. The introduction of TCP/IP protocols in the 1980s set the stage for more widespread network connectivity, but it also opened new avenues for exploitation.
-The concept of network security can be traced back to the early days of computing and networking. Initially, most computers operated in isolated environments with minimal risk from external threats. However, as networks began to connect and share information, vulnerabilities emerged.
+As computer networks grew more interconnected, incidents of hacking and other forms of cyber attacks began to increase. By the 1990s, high-profile breaches led to a greater emphasis on security mechanisms such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and anti-virus software. The development of the World Wide Web further expanded the surface area for attacks, prompting organizations to adopt more comprehensive security measures.
-In the 1970s, the development of ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet, sparked the need for security protocols. Early methods primarily focused on physical security and user authentication. As the internet grew in the 1980s and 1990s, so did the sophistication of cyber-attacks. The first known computer worm, the Morris Worm, highlighted the vulnerabilities in networked systems, leading to increased awareness and the establishment of security practices.
+=== Legislation and Regulation ===
-During the late 1990s and early 2000s, organizations began to adopt more structured approaches to network security, formalizing policies and developing technologies such as firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems (IDS). The introduction of standards such as the ISO/IEC 27001 and the establishment of security frameworks like the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework further emphasized the importance of network security.
+In response to the growing threat landscape, various regulatory frameworks began to emerge. Legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe enforced stringent requirements for data protection and network security. Compliance with such regulations has become a significant consideration for organizations worldwide, driving the adoption of robust security practices.
-The 21st century has seen significant advancements in network security technologies and methodologies, with a growing focus on proactive security measures, continuous monitoring, and incident response strategies. The rise of cloud computing, mobile devices, and the Internet of Things (IoT) has introduced new security challenges, leading to ongoing research and development in the field.
+== Architecture ==
-== Design Principles ==
+The architecture of network security involves a combination of hardware and software components designed to protect network resources. It encompasses firewalls, intrusion detection systems, virtual private networks (VPNs), and more, creating a layered security framework.
-Network security design involves the integration of various components and technologies to secure networked environments. Key principles include:
+=== Layers of Security ===
-=== Confidentiality ===
+Network security architecture is often described through several layers, commonly categorized into perimeter security, internal security, and endpoint security.
-Confidentiality ensures that sensitive information is only accessible to authorized users. This is achieved through techniques such as encryption, which encodes data, making it unintelligible to unauthorized parties. Access control mechanisms, such as role-based access control (RBAC) and least privilege, help enforce confidentiality by restricting user access to necessary information.
+Perimeter security represents the first line of defense, typically employing firewalls to monitor and control incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules. Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) serve as fundamental components within this layer, helping to identify and respond to potential security breaches in real-time.
-=== Integrity ===
+Internal security measures focus on safeguarding the infrastructure within the organization. This includes segmentation of networks into different zones, limiting access to sensitive data, and implementing role-based access controls (RBAC) to restrict user privileges according to necessity.
-Integrity refers to maintaining the accuracy and consistency of data over its entire lifecycle. Techniques such as checksums, hashing algorithms, and digital signatures verify data integrity by detecting unauthorized modifications or corruption. This principle ensures that data remains trustworthy and unaltered from its original state.
+Endpoint security protects the devices that connect to the network. This encompasses anti-virus solutions, malware detection systems, and endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools. It ensures that every device connected to the network meets specific security standards, significantly reducing the risk of intrusion.
-=== Availability ===
+=== Security Protocols ===
-Availability ensures that network resources and data are accessible to authorized users when needed. This involves implementing redundancy, fault tolerance, and backup systems to protect against outages and ensure continuity of operations. Measures such as traffic management and load balancing also contribute to system availability.
+Various security protocols play essential roles within network security architecture. These include:
+* **Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS)**: Protocols designed to secure communications over the Internet by encrypting data in transit.
+* **Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)**: A suite of protocols that authenticate and encrypt IP packets between devices, commonly used in VPNs.
+* **Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Security**: Enhancements to traditional SMTP to secure email transmissions.
-=== Authentication ===
+Understanding and implementing these protocols are vital for building resilient network security frameworks.
-Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of users and devices attempting to access the network. Techniques include the use of passwords, biometric identification, two-factor authentication (2FA), and public key infrastructure (PKI). Strong authentication measures are essential for protecting sensitive information and preventing unauthorized access.
+== Implementation ==
-=== Non-repudiation ===
+The implementation of network security involves practical steps organizations take to safeguard their digital assets. It encompasses the development of a comprehensive security policy, utilization of technological solutions, and regular training for staff.
-Non-repudiation prevents individuals from denying their actions related to data and transactions. Digital signatures and transaction logs serve as evidence of actions taken, supporting accountability and compliance within organizations.
+=== Security Policies ===
-== Usage and Implementation ==
+A well-defined security policy serves as the foundation for an effective network security strategy. It outlines the guidelines for acceptable use, access controls, incident response, and user responsibilities. The policy should be a living document that is regularly updated to reflect changes in the threat landscape and organizational structure.
-Network security encompasses a wide range of technologies, practices, and methodologies, which can be implemented at various layers of network architecture. Key components of network security include:
+In addition to defining responsibilities, a security policy also details procedures for incident management, encompassing detection, response, and recovery processes. An organization must prepare for potential security incidents to mitigate damage and ensure rapid recovery.
-=== Firewalls ===
+=== Technological Solutions ===
-Firewalls serve as a barrier between trusted and untrusted networks, monitoring and controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. They can operate at both the hardware and software levels and are an essential first line of defense in network security. Firewalls can be categorized into:
+The technological landscape of network security includes a variety of tools and software solutions. Firewalls form the frontline defense, inspecting data packets and allowing or blocking traffic based on set security rules. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) identify potential intrusions and generate alerts for investigation, whereas intrusion prevention systems (IPS) take proactive measures to block such threats.
-* '''Packet-filtering firewalls''': Analyze data packets and allow or block traffic based on IP addresses, port numbers, and protocols.
-* '''Stateful inspection firewalls''': Track active connections and make decisions based on the context of the traffic, allowing more dynamic security.
-* '''Next-generation firewalls (NGFW)''': Combine traditional firewall capabilities with additional features like intrusion prevention systems (IPS), deep packet inspection, and application awareness.
-=== Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) ===
+Endpoint protection platforms (EPP) enable organizations to secure devices connecting to their networks, using anti-malware and behavioral analysis techniques. The implementation of multi-factor authentication (MFA) is becoming increasingly common, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access by requiring multiple forms of verification.
-IDPS helps monitoring network traffic for malicious activities or policy violations. It can be categorized into two types:
+=== Training and Awareness ===
-* '''Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)''': Detect and alert on potential threats but do not take action; they provide a passive level of response by recording information for later analysis.
-* '''Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)''': Actively block identified threats and can automatically respond to anomalous activity.
-=== Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) ===
+Beyond technology, the human element often represents the greatest vulnerability in network security. Employees must be trained in best security practices, such as recognizing phishing attempts, creating strong passwords, and adhering to the organization’s security policies. Regular security awareness training is crucial, helping staff to stay informed about new threats and practices.
-VPNs create secure connections over the internet between remote users or networks and the organization's internal network. By encrypting communication, VPNs protect data in transit and provide anonymity for users. They are widely used by organizations to allow remote access securely.
+Testing employees through simulated phishing attacks and other exercises can also enhance their preparedness and responsiveness to real security threats.
-=== Antivirus and Anti-malware Software ===
+== Real-world Examples ==
-Antivirus and anti-malware solutions protect endpoints by detecting, blocking, and removing malicious software that can compromise network security. Regular updates and comprehensive scanning are essential to defend against the latest threats and vulnerabilities.
-=== Access Control Mechanisms ===
-Access control mechanisms enforce security policies that restrict access to sensitive data and resources. Techniques such as firewall rules, authentication methods, and identity management solutions (e.g., Single Sign-On) help to maintain the security of networked environments.
-=== Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) ===
+To illustrate the significance of network security, this section explores notable cases that highlight security breaches and the resultant lessons learned.
-SIEM systems aggregate and analyze security data from multiple sources, providing real-time visibility into network activity. They facilitate incident response, threat detection, compliance reporting, and security monitoring.
+=== Target Data Breach (2013) ===
-=== Backup and Recovery Systems ===
+In 2013, retail giant Target experienced one of the largest data breaches in history, affecting over 40 million credit and debit card accounts. The breach occurred due to compromised third-party vendor credentials, allowing hackers to access Target’s network. This incident underscored the vulnerability presented by third-party vendors and emphasized the importance of robust network security measures and protocols to ensure vendor compliance.
-Data backup and disaster recovery strategies are critical components of network security, ensuring data preservation and availability in the event of an attack or failure. Regular backup schedules, offsite storage, and redundancy strategies mitigate the impact of data loss.
+Following the breach, Target implemented new security measures, including end-to-end encryption of card data, improved monitoring of systems, and heightened scrutiny of vendor security practices. The incident served as a wake-up call for many businesses regarding the vulnerabilities inherent in reliance on external partners.
-== Real-world Examples ==
-Numerous organizations have faced significant security breaches that underscore the importance of network security.
-=== Target Corp. Data Breach (2013) ===
-In December 2013, Target Corporation experienced a massive data breach that compromised the credit card information and personal details of over 40 million customers. The attack, which originated from network vulnerabilities, highlighted the risks associated with third-party vendors. Target faced criticism for its inadequate security measures and the failure to detect the breach promptly.
 === Equifax Data Breach (2017) ===
-The Equifax data breach, which exposed the personal information of approximately 147 million people, demonstrated the devastating consequences of poor network security practices. The breach occurred due to an unpatched vulnerability in web application software. Following this incident, the organization faced legal battles and significant reputational damage, leading to calls for improved cybersecurity regulations.
+In 2017, Equifax, one of the largest credit reporting agencies, suffered a breach that exposed personal information of approximately 147 million individuals. The breach was attributed to a failure to patch a known vulnerability within the company’s web application framework. This event highlighted the critical importance of maintaining up-to-date software systems and promptly applying security patches.
-=== SolarWinds Supply Chain Attack (2020) ===
-The SolarWinds incident showcased the vulnerabilities inherent in supply chain security. Cyber attackers compromised the Orion software platform, impacting numerous government agencies and private organizations. The breach emphasized the need for thorough vetting of third-party software and robust monitoring strategies.
-=== Colonial Pipeline Ransomware Attack (2021) ===
-In May 2021, Colonial Pipeline was targeted in a ransomware attack that forced the company to shut down its oil pipeline operations, leading to widespread fuel shortages. The incident highlighted vulnerabilities in operational technology and prompted discussions on the importance of securing critical infrastructure against cyber threats.
-== Challenges and Future Trends ==
-As technology continues to evolve, network security faces a myriad of challenges. Threats are becoming increasingly sophisticated; for instance, ransomware attacks have surged, with attackers employing advanced tactics. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is also reshaping the security landscape, enabling both attackers and defenders to leverage machine learning for cybersecurity efforts.
-Emerging trends in network security encompass:
+The fallout from the Equifax breach was significant, leading to strict scrutiny from regulators and customers alike. It prompted a nationwide conversation regarding data protection practices and the responsibility organizations have to safeguard consumer information.
-=== Zero Trust Security Model ===
+=== SolarWinds Cyberattack (2020) ===
-The zero trust security model is gaining traction among organizations, emphasizing the principle of "never trust, always verify." It challenges traditional security assumptions by requiring strict verification for every user and device, regardless of their location within the network.
+The SolarWinds cyberattack was a sophisticated supply chain breach that impacted numerous organizations, including several U.S. government agencies. The attack involved the compromise of the SolarWinds Orion software, allowing attackers to gain access to the networks of its clients. This incident emphasized the complexities and vulnerabilities of modern networks, particularly with regard to third-party software and services.
-=== Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning ===
+The SolarWinds attack prompted a reevaluation of supply chain security protocols and highlighted the need for transparent communication between companies regarding security practices. The incident underscored that a defense-in-depth approach that includes thorough vetting of software and services is essential.
-AI and machine learning are being deployed to enhance threat detection and response capabilities. These technologies analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns indicative of cyber threats, enabling proactive defense measures.
+== Criticism and Limitations ==
-=== Cloud Security ===
+While effective network security measures are critical to safeguarding digital assets, there are inherent limitations and criticisms associated with such measures.
-As organizations migrate to cloud computing environments, ensuring the security of cloud-based infrastructure has become paramount. This includes understanding shared responsibility models, implementing robust access controls, and ensuring data encryption.
+=== Cost Implications ===
-=== Internet of Things (IoT) Security ===
+Implementing a robust network security infrastructure can be costly. Organizations often face trade-offs between investing in advanced security technologies and allocating resources to other business operations. Smaller businesses tend to feel the constraints of limited budgets more acutely, potentially leaving them more vulnerable to breaches. This raises questions about equitable access to robust security measures across various industries.
-The proliferation of IoT devices introduces new vulnerabilities, necessitating dedicated security strategies. Organizations are investing in solutions to secure connected devices, manage data privacy, and protect against IoT-specific threats.
+=== Compliance vs. Security ===
-== Criticism and Controversies ==
+The pressure to comply with regulatory frameworks can sometimes result in a compliance-focused mindset rather than fostering a culture of true security. Organizations may prioritize meeting minimum requirements to avoid penalties, inadvertently creating gaps in their security postures. This mentality can lead to neglect of holistic security practices that go beyond compliance, resulting in vulnerabilities that are exploited by attackers.
-Despite advancements in network security, several criticisms and controversies persist within the field. Concerns revolve around privacy and surveillance, particularly regarding government initiatives aimed at monitoring network traffic for security purposes. Critics argue that these measures often infringe upon individual privacy rights and may be misused for political or social control.
+=== Human Factor ===
-Furthermore, the complexity of network security technologies can lead to challenges in implementation and management. Organizations often struggle with the high costs associated with cybersecurity solutions, exploring the balance between effective security measures and budget constraints.
+Despite technological advancements, human error remains a critical vulnerability in network security. Employees may unintentionally compromise security through careless actions, such as using weak passwords or falling victim to social engineering attacks. Organizations must balance the implementation of sophisticated security measures with continuous training and awareness efforts targeting human factors.
-== Influence and Impact ==
+== See also ==
-Network security has a profound influence on various sectors, including finance, healthcare, education, and government. Breaches can lead to significant financial losses, legal ramifications, and reputational damage, emphasizing the need for comprehensive security strategies.
-In response to the growing threat landscape, governments and regulatory bodies have established cybersecurity frameworks and legislation, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe, aimed at protecting individuals’ privacy rights and data security.
-Organizations increasingly prioritize network security, recognizing its role in maintaining customer trust, regulatory compliance, and business continuity. The ongoing evolution of cybersecurity practices is essential to safeguard against emerging threats and ensure the resilience of digital infrastructure.
-== See Also ==
 * [[Information Security]]
-* [[Cybersecurity]]
+* [[Intrusion Detection System]]
-* [[Data Breach]]
 * [[Firewall]]
-* [[Encryption]]
-* [[Intrusion Detection Systems]]
 * [[Virtual Private Network]]
+* [[Data Breach]]
 == References ==
+* [https://www.cisa.gov/cybersecurity] Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
+* [https://www.cyber.gov.au/acsc/view-all-content/publications] Australian Cyber Security Centre
+* [https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework] National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework
+* [https://www.iso.org/isoiec-27001-information-security.html] ISO/IEC 27001 - Information security management systems
+* [https://sans.org/security-resources/policies] SANS Institute - Security Policy Resource
-*[https://www.cisa.gov/ Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)]
+[[Category:Network security]]
-*[https://www.nist.gov/ National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)]
+[[Category:Information security]]
-*[https://www.iso.org/isoiec-27001-information-security.html ISO/IEC 27001]
-*[https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/cyber Federal Bureau of Investigation - Cyber Crime]
-*[https://www.owasp.org/ Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)]
-*[https://www.security.gov/ U.S. Department of Homeland Security - Cybersecurity]
 [[Category:Computer security]]
-[[Category:Telecommunications]]
-[[Category:Information technology]]