Java: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 17:44, 6 July 2025

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Java is widely used for building enterprise-scale applications, mobile applications, web applications, and various other platforms. Its core features include platform independence, robust security, a rich set of libraries, and automatic memory management through garbage collection.

History

Java's inception can be traced back to 1991 when a group of Sun Microsystems engineers led by James Gosling began developing a language called Oak. This programming language was intended for interactive television, but it was ultimately not adopted due to the limitations of the technology at the time. In 1995, with the rise of the Internet, the language was rebranded as Java and became available to the public in May of that year alongside the release of the Java Development Kit (JDK).

The first Java version, Java 1.0, was released in 1996. Its promise of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) garnered significant interest and set the stage for its massive adoption. This principle was facilitated by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java programs to run on any device that has a JVM implementation, regardless of hardware and operating system.

Over the years, Java has evolved significantly, with major releases adding new features and enhancements. Java 2, released in 1998, introduced the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), which made it a favorite in enterprise environments. Subsequent versions, including Java 5 (2004), introduced generics and annotations; Java 8 (2014) brought lambda expressions and streams; and Java 11 (2018) became the first Long-Term Support (LTS) release after a significant change in the release cadence, with every six months becoming the new norm.

Architecture

The architecture of Java can be understood through the core components that make it robust and versatile for various programming applications.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

The JVM is the cornerstone of Java's architecture, executing Java bytecode and providing a runtime environment. This component abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, enabling Java applications to achieve portability. When a developer compiles a Java program, it is transformed into bytecode, which can be run by any compatible JVM, thereby ensuring the WORA capability.

The JVM also includes important functionality such as automatic memory management, garbage collection, and security features that help manage and execute Java applications more efficiently. Each platform that supports Java has its own implementation of the JVM, which allows the same Java program to run on different systems without modification.

Java Development Kit (JDK)

The JDK is a software development environment provided by Oracle (the current steward of Java) that is essential for developers to create, compile, and debug Java applications. The JDK includes various tools, such as the Java compiler (javac), Java runtime environment (JRE), and other utilities that streamline the development process.

With every new version of the JDK, enhancements are made to improve performance, efficiency, and usability, along with the addition of new libraries that developers can leverage in their applications.

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

The JRE is an essential component that provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine, and other components necessary to run Java applications. Although it does not contain development tools like the JDK, the JRE allows end-users to execute Java programs on their devices.

The differentiation between the JDK and the JRE is crucial for both developers and users to understand. Developers require the JDK to build Java applications, while everyday users need the JRE to run them.

Implementation

Java supports a multitude of implementation scenarios across various domains, making it a versatile choice among programmers.

Enterprise Applications

Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), now Jakarta EE, provides a robust framework for developing large-scale, distributed applications. It includes specifications for a range of services, including messaging, web services, and persistence, among others. Java EE is especially popular for building services-oriented architectures (SOAs) through APIs such as Java Persistence API (JPA) for database interactions and JavaServer Faces (JSF) for web applications.

Mobile Development

Java has long been a staple language for mobile application development, particularly for Android platforms. The Android SDK is largely built on Java, allowing developers to create robust mobile apps that can run on millions of devices. The combination of Java's features, such as its portability and performance, and the vast array of libraries available for developers make it a preferred choice within the mobile development sphere.

Web Applications

With the advent of JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and Java frameworks like Spring and Hibernate, Java has carved a niche in web application development. These technologies facilitate the creation of dynamic, data-driven web applications that can handle a significant amount of user traffic while allowing for scalability and maintainability.

Moreover, the introduction of Java Frameworks such as Spring Boot simplifies the setup and configuration of new web applications, allowing developers to focus more on business logic rather than boilerplate code, thereby improving productivity.

Scientific Applications

Java's portability and extensive libraries, including Java's Math and Science libraries, make it a choice for scientific applications as well. Many scientists and researchers use Java for data analysis, simulation modeling, and computational functionalities, attributed to its performance and ease of use.

Desktop Applications

For desktop application development, Java offers a range of graphical user interface (GUI) libraries, the most notable being Swing and JavaFX. These tools allow developers to craft multi-platform graphical user interfaces that can run on any device with a Java Runtime Environment.

Real-world Examples

Java has been successfully applied in various high-profile projects and systems, underscoring its versatility and robustness.

Enterprise Systems

A prime example of Java in action is in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Many large companies utilize Java-based ERP software solutions for their operational efficiency, scalability, and ability to integrate with various business processes. Notable ERP vendors like SAP and Oracle offer Java-based solutions, highlighting its significance in enterprise applications.

E-commerce Platforms

Java serves as the backbone for several large e-commerce sites, providing the necessary performance and security features that online transactions require. Platforms such as eBay and Amazon have utilized Java in various facets of their operations, ensuring a secure and reliable shopping experience for users.

Financial Services

In the financial sector, Java is widely used in trading applications, transaction processing systems, and risk management systems. The language's robustness and security features play a crucial role in handling sensitive financial data, where reliability and performance are paramount.

Gaming Industry

The gaming industry has also leveraged Java's capabilities, particularly in the development of cross-platform games. Although more modern engines have shifted towards languages like C++, Java has a significant presence in mobile gaming (particularly on Android) and in server-side game development, providing dynamic and interactive gaming experiences.

Big Data Processing

Java's compatibility with big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop underscores its utility in data processing and analytics. Hadoop utilizes Java for its core components, allowing for distributed data processing and storage across large clusters of computers, which is critical for organizations dealing with extensive datasets.

Criticism and Limitations

Despite its widespread use and numerous advantages, Java is not without limitations and criticisms.

Performance Concerns

One of the most common criticisms of Java is its performance. While it offers great portability and security, Java applications can sometimes be slower compared to those written in languages such as C or C++. This is primarily due to the overhead of the Java Virtual Machine and garbage collection, which can lead to performance inefficiencies in certain applications.

Complexity of Syntax

Java's syntax has been criticized for being overly verbose compared to other modern programming languages such as Python or Ruby. This verbosity can lead to more lines of code to accomplish the same tasks, which some developers find cumbersome, especially when rapid development is desired.

Update Cycle and Backward Compatibility

The frequent updates to Java, particularly after the introduction of a time-driven release model, have been met with mixed reactions. While new features can enhance functionality, the need for constant updates may lead to compatibility issues with older codebases or libraries. Additionally, some developers express concerns over the speed of adoption of new features, given the extensive codebases present in many Java applications.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems, Java was first released in 1995 and has since become one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. Its versatility, ease of use, and wide array of libraries have made it suitable for a variety of applications, from web development and mobile applications to large-scale enterprise systems.
+'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Java is widely used for building enterprise-scale applications, mobile applications, web applications, and various other platforms. Its core features include platform independence, robust security, a rich set of libraries, and automatic memory management through garbage collection.
 == History ==
+Java's inception can be traced back to 1991 when a group of Sun Microsystems engineers led by James Gosling began developing a language called Oak. This programming language was intended for interactive television, but it was ultimately not adopted due to the limitations of the technology at the time. In 1995, with the rise of the Internet, the language was rebranded as Java and became available to the public in May of that year alongside the release of the Java Development Kit (JDK).
-The conception of Java began in the early 1990s when a small team led by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems started working on a project originally called the "Green Project". The aim was to develop a set of tools for programming consumer electronic devices. In 1992, the team developed the programming language, which they initially named Oak, after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. However, due to trademark issues concerning the name Oak, they renamed it Java, inspired by Java coffee.
+The first Java version, Java 1.0, was released in 1996. Its promise of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) garnered significant interest and set the stage for its massive adoption. This principle was facilitated by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which allows Java programs to run on any device that has a JVM implementation, regardless of hardware and operating system.
-Java's first public release came in 1995 and was associated with the burgeoning movement towards the Internet. Several features were included, such as platform independence and a garbage collection system, which simplified memory management. The language quickly gained traction due to its "write once, run anywhere" (WORA) capability, allowing developers to create applications that could run on any device capable of interpreting Java bytecode, thus making it ideal for web-based applications.
+Over the years, Java has evolved significantly, with major releases adding new features and enhancements. Java 2, released in 1998, introduced the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), which made it a favorite in enterprise environments. Subsequent versions, including Java 5 (2004), introduced generics and annotations; Java 8 (2014) brought lambda expressions and streams; and Java 11 (2018) became the first Long-Term Support (LTS) release after a significant change in the release cadence, with every six months becoming the new norm.
-In 1996, Sun Microsystems released the Java Development Kit (JDK) and the first version of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). Subsequent versions of Java have incorporated additional features and performance improvements, with major milestones occurring in 1998 with Java 2 and again in 2004 with Java 5, which introduced features like generics, metadata, and improved concurrency support.
+== Architecture ==
+The architecture of Java can be understood through the core components that make it robust and versatile for various programming applications.
-In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems and has since overseen the evolution of Java, releasing regular updates and new versions of the language, including Java 8 in 2014, which introduced lambdas and streams, and Java 11 in 2018, which became a Long-Term Support (LTS) version. The licensing and release model of Java has evolved significantly under Oracle's stewardship, most notably with the introduction of a new six-month release cadence beginning with Java 9.
+=== Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
+The JVM is the cornerstone of Java's architecture, executing Java bytecode and providing a runtime environment. This component abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, enabling Java applications to achieve portability. When a developer compiles a Java program, it is transformed into bytecode, which can be run by any compatible JVM, thereby ensuring the WORA capability.
-== Key Features ==
-Java is recognized for several key features that contribute to its popularity among developers. This section discusses the most important characteristics of the language.
-=== Platform Independence ===
-One of Java's standout features is its platform independence, achieved through the use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java programs are compiled into an intermediate form known as bytecode, which can be executed on any machine that has a compatible JVM. This enables developers to write code on one platform and run it on any other platform without modification, which is particularly advantageous in heterogeneous environments.
-=== Object-Oriented Programming ===
-Java is a fully object-oriented language, which emphasizes the use of objects to design software. The core principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Java include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Encapsulation allows for the bundling of data with methods that operate on it, inheritance permits the creation of new classes based on existing ones, and polymorphism provides a means to define methods that can perform different tasks based on the object invoking them. These principles contribute to a modular and organized approach to programming.
-=== Rich Standard Libraries ===
-Java comes with a comprehensive standard library that offers a wide range of pre-built classes and methods, simplifying various programming tasks. The standard library includes utility classes for data structures, networking, file handling, GUI development, and various other functionalities. This rich set of APIs significantly reduces development time and allows programmers to focus on the application logic rather than low-level details.
-=== Automatic Memory Management ===
+The JVM also includes important functionality such as automatic memory management, garbage collection, and security features that help manage and execute Java applications more efficiently. Each platform that supports Java has its own implementation of the JVM, which allows the same Java program to run on different systems without modification.
-Java employs automatic memory management through its built-in garbage collection (GC) system. This feature abstracts the process of memory allocation and deallocation from the developer, reducing the risk of memory leaks and other related issues. The garbage collector runs in the background to reclaim memory from objects that are no longer in use, thus enhancing application stability and performance.
-=== Multithreading Support ===
-Java provides built-in support for multithreading, allowing multiple threads of execution to run concurrently within a single program. This feature facilitates the development of high-performance applications that can efficiently perform multiple tasks simultaneously, such as handling web requests or processing large datasets. The Java framework provides various synchronization mechanisms to manage thread interactions and resource sharing, making it easier to develop concurrent programs.
-=== Security Features ===
-Java incorporates robust security features, which play a crucial role in developing secure applications. The language's runtime environment includes a security manager that enforces access controls, the capability to operate in a sandbox mode allows applets to execute with restricted permissions, and built-in cryptographic libraries strengthen data protection. These features have made Java a preferred choice for sensitive applications in sectors such as finance and healthcare.
-== Architecture ==
-Java's architecture is a key aspect of its versatility and power. This section outlines the different components of the Java architecture and how they work together to enable the execution of Java applications.
 === Java Development Kit (JDK) ===
+The JDK is a software development environment provided by Oracle (the current steward of Java) that is essential for developers to create, compile, and debug Java applications. The JDK includes various tools, such as the Java compiler (javac), Java runtime environment (JRE), and other utilities that streamline the development process.
-The JDK serves as the development environment for Java programmers and includes tools for compiling, debugging, and monitoring Java applications. It comprises several essential components such as the Java Compiler (javac), which converts Java source code into bytecode; the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which provides the necessary libraries and components to execute Java applications; and various development tools including the Java Debugger (jdb) and the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).
+With every new version of the JDK, enhancements are made to improve performance, efficiency, and usability, along with the addition of new libraries that developers can leverage in their applications.
 === Java Runtime Environment (JRE) ===
+The JRE is an essential component that provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine, and other components necessary to run Java applications. Although it does not contain development tools like the JDK, the JRE allows end-users to execute Java programs on their devices.
-The JRE is an integral part of Java's architecture, providing the environment needed to run Java applications. It includes the JVM, core libraries, and other supporting files. The JVM interprets the bytecode generated by the Java compiler and executes the Java programs on the host machine. This layer enables platform independence, as different implementations of the JVM can be tailored to operate on various operating systems and hardware architectures.
+The differentiation between the JDK and the JRE is crucial for both developers and users to understand. Developers require the JDK to build Java applications, while everyday users need the JRE to run them.
-=== Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ===
-The JVM is the cornerstone of Java's platform independence, acting as an intermediary between Java bytecode and the underlying hardware. It converts bytecode into machine-specific executable code at runtime, enabling Java applications to run on any device with an appropriate JVM. The JVM also manages memory allocation and garbage collection, providing a streamlined execution environment for Java programs. Additionally, it includes an extensive set of APIs that developers can utilize to interact with the host operating system.
-=== Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) ===
-Java offers a vast range of APIs that facilitate various programming tasks across different domains. These APIs encompass everything from input and output operations to networking, graphical user interface (GUI) development, and database connectivity. Additionally, Java supports a rich ecosystem of third-party libraries and frameworks such as Spring and Hibernate, extending its capabilities and allowing developers to create scalable and robust applications.
-=== Development Frameworks and Tools ===
-The Java ecosystem is bolstered by a host of development frameworks and tools that enhance productivity and facilitate the development process. Frameworks like Spring, JavaServer Faces (JSF), and Hibernate provide templates and reusable components for building enterprise-level applications, while tools such as Apache Maven and Gradle help manage project dependencies and automated builds. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) like IntelliJ IDEA and Eclipse offer developers comprehensive tools for code editing, debugging, and version control integration, streamlining the development workflow.
 == Implementation ==
+Java supports a multitude of implementation scenarios across various domains, making it a versatile choice among programmers.
-Java's implementation spans a multitude of applications and sectors, highlighting its flexibility and robustness. This section examines the key areas where Java is widely employed.
-=== Web Development ===
-Java has established itself as a dominant language for web development, particularly due to its ability to create dynamic, interactive, and scalable web applications. Technologies such as JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and frameworks like Spring MVC allow developers to build robust server-side applications capable of handling high traffic and complex business logic. The Java ecosystem also supports pervasive use of technologies like RESTful and SOAP web services, facilitating seamless communication between applications over the internet.
-=== Mobile Applications ===
-The advent of smartphones and mobile technology has opened up new horizons for Java, particularly through the Android operating system, which is based on Java. Android's SDK incorporates a Java-like programming environment, allowing developers to create mobile apps using Java code. This has resulted in an extensive marketplace for Android applications, leveraging Java's strengths in performance and usability. Java's ability to facilitate cross-platform development further enhances its appeal in this sector.
 === Enterprise Applications ===
+Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), now Jakarta EE, provides a robust framework for developing large-scale, distributed applications. It includes specifications for a range of services, including messaging, web services, and persistence, among others. Java EE is especially popular for building services-oriented architectures (SOAs) through APIs such as Java Persistence API (JPA) for database interactions and JavaServer Faces (JSF) for web applications.
-Java's robustness, scalability, and security features make it an ideal choice for enterprise applications. Many large organizations rely on Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), which provides a set of specifications and libraries specifically designed for building distributed, transactional, and multi-tier applications. Technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), Java Persistence API (JPA), and Java Message Service (JMS) make it easier to develop and manage large-scale enterprise solutions that require reliability and complex integrations.
+=== Mobile Development ===
+Java has long been a staple language for mobile application development, particularly for Android platforms. The Android SDK is largely built on Java, allowing developers to create robust mobile apps that can run on millions of devices. The combination of Java's features, such as its portability and performance, and the vast array of libraries available for developers make it a preferred choice within the mobile development sphere.
-=== Big Data and Cloud Computing ===
+=== Web Applications ===
+With the advent of JavaServer Pages (JSP), Servlets, and Java frameworks like Spring and Hibernate, Java has carved a niche in web application development. These technologies facilitate the creation of dynamic, data-driven web applications that can handle a significant amount of user traffic while allowing for scalability and maintainability.
-Java has found significant utility in the fields of big data and cloud computing. Frameworks such as Hadoop, which is predominantly written in Java, enable developers to process large datasets efficiently across distributed systems. Additionally, Java's compatibility with various cloud platforms makes it a suitable choice for developing cloud-based applications and services. Its ability to integrate with diverse data processing libraries and frameworks enhances Java's relevance in the rapidly evolving technology landscape.
+Moreover, the introduction of Java Frameworks such as Spring Boot simplifies the setup and configuration of new web applications, allowing developers to focus more on business logic rather than boilerplate code, thereby improving productivity.
-=== Scientific and Research Applications ===
+=== Scientific Applications ===
+Java's portability and extensive libraries, including Java's Math and Science libraries, make it a choice for scientific applications as well. Many scientists and researchers use Java for data analysis, simulation modeling, and computational functionalities, attributed to its performance and ease of use.
-The stability and performance of Java have made it a favored language in scientific computing and research domains. Libraries such as Apache Commons Math and JFreeChart allow researchers to perform complex calculations and visualize data effectively. Java's ability to create cross-platform applications also ensures that scientific software can be shared and utilized across different operating systems and configurations, further promoting collaboration within the research community.
+=== Desktop Applications ===
+For desktop application development, Java offers a range of graphical user interface (GUI) libraries, the most notable being Swing and JavaFX. These tools allow developers to craft multi-platform graphical user interfaces that can run on any device with a Java Runtime Environment.
 == Real-world Examples ==
+Java has been successfully applied in various high-profile projects and systems, underscoring its versatility and robustness.
-Numerous well-known applications, systems, and frameworks have been built using Java, showcasing its versatility and effectiveness as a programming language. This section discusses a selection of significant real-world implementations of Java.
+=== Enterprise Systems ===
+A prime example of Java in action is in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Many large companies utilize Java-based ERP software solutions for their operational efficiency, scalability, and ability to integrate with various business processes. Notable ERP vendors like SAP and Oracle offer Java-based solutions, highlighting its significance in enterprise applications.
-=== Android Operating System ===
-The Android operating system is one of the most notable real-world applications of Java. Although the Android SDK is designed to work with Java in a modified form, developers utilize Java syntax to create applications for Android devices. As a result, millions of Android applications, encompassing games, productivity tools, and social media platforms, have been developed using Java.
-=== Apache Hadoop ===
-Apache Hadoop is a prominent framework for distributed storage and processing of large datasets, primarily developed in Java. By leveraging Java's capabilities, Hadoop allows organizations to efficiently analyze colossal volumes of data across various clusters, making it a cornerstone technology in the realm of big data analytics. Its usage spans industries, including finance, healthcare, and technology.
+=== E-commerce Platforms ===
+Java serves as the backbone for several large e-commerce sites, providing the necessary performance and security features that online transactions require. Platforms such as eBay and Amazon have utilized Java in various facets of their operations, ensuring a secure and reliable shopping experience for users.
-=== Spring Framework ===
+=== Financial Services ===
+In the financial sector, Java is widely used in trading applications, transaction processing systems, and risk management systems. The language's robustness and security features play a crucial role in handling sensitive financial data, where reliability and performance are paramount.
-The Spring Framework is a widely adopted Java framework used for building enterprise-grade applications. It provides a comprehensive programming and configuration model, enabling developers to create scalable and maintainable applications. Spring's modular approach allows developers to focus on different aspects of their applications, such as data access, transaction management, and security, facilitating a streamlined development process.
+=== Gaming Industry ===
+The gaming industry has also leveraged Java's capabilities, particularly in the development of cross-platform games. Although more modern engines have shifted towards languages like C++, Java has a significant presence in mobile gaming (particularly on Android) and in server-side game development, providing dynamic and interactive gaming experiences.
-=== Eclipse IDE ===
+=== Big Data Processing ===
+Java's compatibility with big data frameworks like Apache Hadoop underscores its utility in data processing and analytics. Hadoop utilizes Java for its core components, allowing for distributed data processing and storage across large clusters of computers, which is critical for organizations dealing with extensive datasets.
-Eclipse is an open-source integrated development environment that supports the development of Java applications. Rich in features, Eclipse facilitates code editing, debugging, and project management, making it immensely popular among developers. Its extensible architecture allows for the integration of third-party plugins, accommodating various programming needs and workflows.
+== Criticism and Limitations ==
+Despite its widespread use and numerous advantages, Java is not without limitations and criticisms.
-=== Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) ===
-Java EE is a widely used platform that provides an extensive set of APIs and services for building large-scale, distributed enterprise applications. Many enterprise software solutions, from banking systems to customer relationship management platforms, leverage Java EE's capabilities to meet complex business requirements. The modular structure and reusable components make it possible for organizations to develop reliable and secure applications that can scale with their growth.
-== Criticism ==
-Despite its popularity and widespread usage, Java has not been without criticism and limitations. This section addresses some of the prominent critiques leveled against Java.
 === Performance Concerns ===
+One of the most common criticisms of Java is its performance. While it offers great portability and security, Java applications can sometimes be slower compared to those written in languages such as C or C++. This is primarily due to the overhead of the Java Virtual Machine and garbage collection, which can lead to performance inefficiencies in certain applications.
-One of the criticisms often directed towards Java is its performance relative to natively compiled languages such as C or C++. Java's reliance on a virtual machine introduces an additional layer of abstraction, which can result in slower execution times for certain applications. Although improvements have been made with Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation and other optimizations, some developers argue that for performance-critical applications, other languages may be more suitable.
+=== Complexity of Syntax ===
+Java's syntax has been criticized for being overly verbose compared to other modern programming languages such as Python or Ruby. This verbosity can lead to more lines of code to accomplish the same tasks, which some developers find cumbersome, especially when rapid development is desired.
-=== Verbosity of Code ===
-Java is often described as a verbose language, where the syntax and structure can lead to longer lines of code compared to other programming languages like Python or Ruby. The requirement for boilerplate code, especially in object-oriented programming, can make Java applications appear more complex than necessary. This verbosity can slow down development, particularly for smaller-scale projects or prototyping.
-=== Memory Consumption ===
+=== Update Cycle and Backward Compatibility ===
+The frequent updates to Java, particularly after the introduction of a time-driven release model, have been met with mixed reactions. While new features can enhance functionality, the need for constant updates may lead to compatibility issues with older codebases or libraries. Additionally, some developers express concerns over the speed of adoption of new features, given the extensive codebases present in many Java applications.
-Java applications can be memory-intensive due to their runtime environment and garbage collection mechanisms. The overhead of the JVM along with the consumption associated with object-oriented practices may lead to higher memory usage compared to applications written in lower-level languages. This can be a concern in resource-constrained environments, such as mobile devices or IoT applications.
-=== Fragmentation and Library Compatibility ===
-The plethora of libraries and frameworks available in the Java ecosystem can also lead to issues with fragmentation and compatibility. As new libraries emerge and existing ones evolve, developers may encounter challenges relating to versioning, dependencies, and ensuring that different components work seamlessly together. This can complicate the development process and lead to additional maintenance overhead.
-=== Licensing Issues ===
-Changes to Java's licensing and release model, particularly after Oracle's acquisition of Sun Microsystems, have raised concerns among developers and organizations. The implementation of a subscription-based model for Oracle JDK has prompted discussions around the accessibility and availability of Java as a development platform. This has led to increased interest in alternative distributions and open-source implementations of Java, such as OpenJDK and AdoptOpenJDK.
 == See also ==
-* [[Java (programming language)]]
+* [[Java Virtual Machine]]
 * [[Java Development Kit]]
-* [[Java Runtime Environment]]
+* [[Java Enterprise Edition]]
-* [[Java Virtual Machine]]
+* [[Java and the Internet of Things]]
-* [[Java EE]]
+* [[Comparison of programming languages]]
-* [[Spring Framework]]
-* [[Apache Hadoop]]
-* [[Android (operating system)]]
-* [[List of Java frameworks]]
 == References ==
-* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle Java Official Site]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/ Oracle Java Official Website]
-* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK Official Site]
+* [https://openjdk.java.net/ OpenJDK - The official Java Development Kit]
-* [https://spring.io/ Spring Framework Official Site]
+* [https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/overview-archive.html Java SE Documentation]
-* [https://hadoop.apache.org/ Apache Hadoop Official Site]
-* [https://www.eclipse.org/ Eclipse IDE Official Site]
 [[Category:Programming languages]]
-[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
+[[Category:Software]]
-[[Category:High-level programming languages]]
+[[Category:Computer science]]